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authorTobias Klauser <tklauser@distanz.ch>2008-01-27 11:37:44 +0100
committerTobias Klauser <tklauser@xenon.tklauser.home>2008-01-27 11:37:44 +0100
commit7e0f021a9aec35fd8e6725e87e3313b101d26f5e (patch)
treeb1cacc4b24393f517aeb4610e9e1021f954307a8 /reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT
Initial import (2.0.2-6)2.0.2-6
Diffstat (limited to 'reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT')
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Makefile.am5
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Makefile.in410
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Master.html60
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/cast.html89
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/constructor.html78
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/funcoverload.html153
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/fundefault.html115
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/inheritance.html264
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/local_var.html144
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/reference_variable.html167
-rw-r--r--reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/scope.html100
11 files changed, 1585 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Makefile.am b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5baa6fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Makefile.am
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ec8bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
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diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Master.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Master.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5eca2c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Master.html
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Title here</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Title here.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/const1.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/data_types.html">data types</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!-- //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/cast.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/cast.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc2df6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/cast.html
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>C++ casting</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>C++ casting.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+
+C++ has added a new feature to
+<A HREF="../../C/CONCEPT/cast.html">cast</a>
+that allows you to cast variables by using a slightly
+more familuar syntax. Have a look at the example below.
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=1 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+ main()
+ {
+ int var1;
+ float var2;
+
+ var2 = float(var1);
+ }
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+The example shows that casting can now look like a function call.
+<p>
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+
+<font color=brown>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../CPLUSPLUS/EXAMPLES/cast.cc">C++ Example program.</a>
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/cast.html">C casting</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!-- //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/constructor.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/constructor.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29b3cc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/constructor.html
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Constructors and Destructors.</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Constructors and Destructors.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<a name="default">
+<h2>Constructor</h2>
+
+The <b>constructor</b> is executed when an object is created.
+Its purpose is to initalise variables with in an object
+before they can be used.
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>If you do not provide a constructor for a class, the compiler
+ will create a default constructor for you.
+
+<li>If the object has global scope, the constructor is executed
+ before main()
+</ul>
+
+<a name="copy">
+<h2>Copy Constructor</h2>
+
+<a name="assignment">
+<h2>Assignment Constructor</h2>
+
+<a name="destructor">
+<h2>Destructor</h2>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/data_types.html">data types</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!-- //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/funcoverload.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/funcoverload.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a245e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/funcoverload.html
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Function Overloading.</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Function Overloading.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+Overloading is a technique that allows you to give a several
+functions with the same name but different parameter lists.
+<p>
+Consider the following program.
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=1 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+ #include &lt;iostream.h&gt;
+
+ void Add(int Left, int Right);
+
+ main ()
+ {
+ Add(5, 9); // Integer Add.
+ Add(3.2, 7.1); // Floating point Add.
+ }
+
+ // Integer version of Add.
+
+ void Add(int Left, int Right)
+ {
+ cout << Left << " + " << Right << " = " << Left+Right << endl;
+ }
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+The program contains the <b>Add</b> function that adds integers.
+But the main calls it twice, once passing integers and the second
+time passing floating point numbers. The program will compile and run
+but you will get incorrect results because the floats will be
+<a href=../../C/CONCEPT/cast.html> cast</a> to integers.
+<p>
+The second
+program offers a solution by <b>overloading</b> the <b>Add</b> function.
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=1 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+ #include &lt;iostream.h&gt;
+
+ void Add(int Left, int Right);
+ <b>void Add(double Left, double Right);</b>
+
+ main ()
+ {
+ Add(5, 9); // Integer Add.
+ Add(3.2, 7.1); // Floating point Add.
+ }
+
+ // Integer version of Add.
+
+ void Add(int Left, int Right)
+ {
+ cout << Left << " + " << Right << " = " << Left+Right << endl;
+ }
+ <b>
+ // float version of Add.
+
+ void Add(double Left, double Right)
+ {
+ cout << Left << " + " << Right << " = " << Left+Right << endl;
+ }
+</b>
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+
+The compiler can now look at the call list and match it with
+a function with the correct parameter list and the floating
+point addition is performed correctly.
+
+<p>
+
+Please note that the returned argument is not used when matching
+overloaded functions.
+
+
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/overload.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="fundefault.html">Default Parameter Values.</a>.
+
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/SYNTAX/functions.html">Function Basics</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!-- //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/fundefault.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/fundefault.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80cd0aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/fundefault.html
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Default Parameters.</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Default Parameters.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+Within C you could not provide default values for function
+parameters. Well, C++ has come to your rescue.
+<p>
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+ #include &lt;iostream.h&gt;
+
+ void Func( int one, <b>int two=2, int three=3</b>);
+
+ main ()
+ {
+ Func(10, 20, 30);
+ Func<b>(10, 20); // Let the last parm default</b>
+ Func<b>(10); // Just provide the required parm.</b>
+ }
+
+
+ void Func( int one, int two, int three)
+ {
+ cout << "One = " << one << endl;
+ cout << "Two = " << two << endl;
+ cout << "Three = " << three << endl << endl;
+ }
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+From this example, you can see that the prototype/function declaration
+gives default values for the second and third parameters. It is now
+down to the programmer calling the function to decide how many
+s/he wants to provide.
+<p>
+There are some basic rules that should be applied when using
+default parameter values.
+<ul>
+<li>When a default is provided, all remaining parameters must be
+ given defaults. There can not be any holes.
+<li>Default values must be of the correct type.
+<li>Defaults can be placed on the function prototype or the function
+ definition. They can also be placed in both locations at the
+ same time. I have been told its good practice to place them
+ in the prototype only.
+</ul>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<!--
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/xxxx.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+-->
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="funcoverload.html">Function Name Overloading</a>.
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/SYNTAX/functions.html">Function basics</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!-- //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/inheritance.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/inheritance.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c8822c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/inheritance.html
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Inheritance</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Inheritance.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+Inheritance enables classes to use the properties of other classes and
+add to those properties.
+<p>
+The thing to remember about object programming is that it attempts to
+create a software model as close to the real world as possible. Inheritance
+forms an important role to meet this need. Take the following example.
+<p>
+A fabric can have a colour and size and it is also used to make clothes
+as well as tents. Now looking at this from the other angle tents are made
+from fabric and poles but clothes are made from fabric and buttons.
+So, Tents and clothes have something in common, <blink>fabric!</blink> If we described
+tents and clothes in C++, we can seperate fabric into a seperate class
+that the Tent and Clothes classes can inherit.
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border="1" bgcolor=ivory width=80%>
+<tr align=center>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+ -----------
+ | Fabric |
+ -----------
+ A A
+ | |
+ --- ---
+ | |
+ --------- -----------
+| Tent | | Clothes |
+ --------- -----------
+
+
+</pre>
+</tr>
+</td>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+Now for some buzz words:
+<ol>
+<li>Fabric is a <b>base class</b>
+<li>Tent and Clothes are <b>derived classes</b>
+</ol>
+This is what the code looks like:
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border="1" bgcolor=ivory width=50%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+// ... The <b>base</b> class 'Fabric'
+// ... is no different to normal.
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+ class Fabric
+ {
+ public:
+
+ Fabric() {};
+ ~Fabric() {};
+
+ SetSize(int x, int y)
+ {
+ Length = x;
+ Width = y;
+ };
+
+ SetColour(char *C)
+ {
+ strcpy(Colour, C);
+ }
+
+ private:
+ int Length;
+ int Width;
+ char Colour[20];
+ };
+
+</pre>
+</tr>
+</td>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+<center>
+<table bgcolor=ivory width=80% border="1">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+// ... The <b>derived</b> class 'Tent'
+// ... names 'Fabric' as a base class.
+</pre>
+</td>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+// ... The <b>derived</b> class 'Clothes' also
+// ... names 'Fabric' as a base class.
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+ class Tent <font color=red>: public Fabric</font>
+ {
+ public:
+
+ Tent() {};
+ ~Tent() {};
+
+ SetNumOfPoles(int P)
+ {
+ Poles = P;
+ };
+
+ private:
+ int Poles;
+ };
+
+</pre>
+</td>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+ class Clothes <font color=red>: public Fabric</font>
+ {
+ public:
+
+ Clothes() {};
+ ~Clothes() {};
+
+ SetNumOfButtons(int B)
+ {
+ Buttons = B;
+ };
+
+ private:
+ int Buttons;
+ };
+
+</pre>
+</tr>
+</td>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+What we now have are three classes with the following public methods.
+
+<ul>
+<li>Fabric
+<ol>
+<li>SetSize
+<li>SetColour
+</ol>
+<li>Tents
+<ol>
+<li>SetSize
+<li>SetColour
+<li>SetNumOfPoles
+</ol>
+<li>Clothes
+<ol>
+<li>SetSize
+<li>SetColour
+<li>SetNumOfButtons
+</ol>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h2>Using the classes</h2>
+
+So we have three classes, they are used in the same way as before but
+with one extra feature.
+<p>
+Consider this piece of code.
+
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" bgcolor=ivory width=50%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+ void Init(Fabric &Material);
+
+ main()
+ {
+ Tent Frame;
+ Clothes Jacket;
+
+ Init(Frame);
+ Init(Jacket);
+ }
+
+ void Init(Fabric &Material)
+ {
+ Material.SetColour("Red");
+ Material.SetSize (10, 20);
+ }
+
+</pre>
+</tr>
+</td>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+The function 'Init' expects an object of type 'Fabric' but we
+are passing objects of type 'Tents' and 'Clothes', this is OK as
+'Tents' and 'Clothes' are derived from Fabric.
+
+<p>
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/inherit.cc">The final program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+29-Dec-97</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/local_var.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/local_var.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6cb994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/local_var.html
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>C++ Local Variables.</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>C++ Local Variables.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+
+There is not much difference between
+<a href=../../C/SYNTAX/glo_int_vars.html> C local variables</a> but there
+is one important feature that should be noted.
+<ul>
+<li>Variable definitions are now considered to be executable statements.
+</ul>
+This means that you can now put variable definitions anywhere in the code
+and not jut at the start of a
+<a href=../../C/glossary.html#block>block.</a>
+Here is an example.
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table bgcolor=ivory width="80%" border=1>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+ main()
+ {
+ float pi = 3.142; // Usual location for variable definitions
+
+ cout << "PI is " << pi << endl;
+
+ int Count = 1; // C++ allows us to place a definition here.
+
+ while (Count < 10)
+ {
+ cout << Count << endl;
+ }
+ }
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+It should be noted that <b>Count</b> is only in scope (usable) from the
+point of definition and to the end of the block.
+It can not be used in the previous <b>cout</b> statement.
+<p>
+
+The idea of this feature is to allow you to put variable declarations
+near to the place
+you wish to use them. Personnaly, I feel this should not be neccasary
+if you write small concise functions....
+
+There is one natty feature of this facility though. Check this
+example out.
+<p>
+<center>
+<table bgcolor=ivory width="80%" border=1>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+ main()
+ {
+ int Last = 10;
+
+ while (int Count; Count < Last; Count++)
+ {
+ cout << Count << endl;
+ }
+ }
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+In this example, <b>Count</b> is defined inside the <b>for</b>
+statement and only exists while the for block is being executed.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<!--
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/refvar.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<font color=brown>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/EXAMPLES/pointer_func.c">Example C program.</a>
+</font>
+-->
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href=../../C/SYNTAX/glo_int_vars.html> C local variables</a>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/data_types.html">data types</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!-- //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/reference_variable.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/reference_variable.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f907323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/reference_variable.html
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Reference variables</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Reference Variables.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+Reference variables allow two variable names to address the
+same memory location. The following example shows the
+technique in its simplest form.
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=1 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+ #include <iostream.h>
+
+ main()
+ {
+ int var1;
+ int &var2 = var1; // var2 is a reference variable.
+
+ var1 = 10;
+
+ cout << "var1 = " << var1 << endl;
+ cout << "var2 = " << var2 << endl;
+ }
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+
+Generally, you would not use a reference variable
+in this way. Its more likely that they would be used
+in function parameter lists to make the passing of
+pointers more readable.
+<p>
+This gives C++ the ability to provide a
+different approch to changing a variable from within a
+function. Consider the two following programs.
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=1 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+ #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
+
+ void Square(<b>int *pVal</b>);
+
+ main()
+ {
+ int Number=10;
+
+ printf("Number is %d\n", Number);
+
+ Square(<b>&Number</b>);
+
+ printf("Number is %d\n", Number);
+ }
+
+ void Square(<b>int *pVal</b>)
+ {
+ <b>*pVal</b> *= <b>*pVal;</b>
+
+ printf("Number is %d\n", <b>*pVal</b>);
+ }
+
+</pre>
+</td>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+ #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
+
+ void Square(<b>int &Val</b>);
+
+ main()
+ {
+ int Number=10;
+
+ printf("Number is %d\n", Number);
+
+ Square(<b>Number</b>);
+
+ printf("Number is %d\n", Number);
+ }
+
+ void Square(<b>int &Val</b>)
+ {
+ <b>Val</b> *= <b>Val</b>;
+
+ printf("Number is %d\n", <b>Val</b>);
+ }
+
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+The program on the right should be clearer to read
+because you do not need to worry about pointer
+dereferencing.
+
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="..//EXAMPLES/refvar.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<font color=brown>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/EXAMPLES/pointer_func.c">Example C program.</a>
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/data_types.html">data types</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+29-Sep-96</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/scope.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/scope.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74f651e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/scope.html
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Scope in C++</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Scope in C++.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+
+The :: operator is used within C++ to identify global variables that
+conflict with local variable names. Obviously it would be good programming
+practice to use suitable names in the first place......
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table width=1 bgcolor=ivory width=80%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+ #include <iostream.h>
+
+ int Counter = 1;
+
+ main()
+ {
+ int Counter = 1;
+
+ for (int i=0; i< 10; i++)
+ {
+ cout << Counter << " " << ::Counter << endl;
+ Counter++;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+ }
+</pre>
+</tr>
+</td>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/scope.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/ops.html">C++ operators.</a>.
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/SYNTAX/glo_int_vars.html#global">Global Variables</a>.
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/expressions.html">C Expressions and Operators</a>.
+
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
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+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!-- //
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