Initial import (2.0.2-6)2.0.2-6

11 files changed, 1585 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Makefile.am b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5baa6fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+EXTRA_DIST = $(wildcard *.html) $(wildcard *.gif)
+docs_DATA = $(EXTRA_DIST)
+
+docsdir = $(kde_htmldir)/en/kdevelop/$(subdir)
+
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ec8bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
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+# Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
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diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Master.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Master.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5eca2c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/Master.html
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Title here</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Title here.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/const1.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/data_types.html">data types</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie 
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!--  //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/cast.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/cast.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc2df6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/cast.html
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>C++ casting</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>C++ casting.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+
+C++ has added a new feature to  
+<A HREF="../../C/CONCEPT/cast.html">cast</a>
+that allows you to cast variables by using a slightly 
+more familuar syntax. Have a look at the example below.
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=1 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+        
+    main()
+    {
+        int var1;
+        float var2;
+
+        var2 = float(var1);
+    }
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+The example shows that casting can now look like a function call.
+<p> 
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+
+<font color=brown>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../CPLUSPLUS/EXAMPLES/cast.cc">C++ Example program.</a>
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/cast.html">C casting</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie 
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!--  //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/constructor.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/constructor.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29b3cc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/constructor.html
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Constructors and Destructors.</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Constructors and Destructors.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<a name="default">
+<h2>Constructor</h2>
+
+The <b>constructor</b> is executed when an object is created.
+Its purpose is to initalise variables with in an object 
+before they can be used.
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>If you do not provide a constructor for a class, the compiler 
+    will create a default constructor for you.
+
+<li>If the object has global scope, the constructor is executed 
+    before main() 
+</ul>
+
+<a name="copy">
+<h2>Copy Constructor</h2>
+
+<a name="assignment">
+<h2>Assignment Constructor</h2>
+
+<a name="destructor">
+<h2>Destructor</h2>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/data_types.html">data types</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie 
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!--  //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/funcoverload.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/funcoverload.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a245e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/funcoverload.html
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Function Overloading.</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Function Overloading.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+Overloading is a technique that allows you to give a several
+functions with the same name but different parameter lists.
+<p>
+Consider the following program.
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=1 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+    #include &lt;iostream.h&gt;
+    
+    void Add(int Left,   int Right);
+
+    main ()
+    {
+        Add(5, 9);              // Integer Add.
+        Add(3.2, 7.1);          // Floating point Add.
+    }
+ 
+    // Integer version of Add.
+       
+    void Add(int Left, int Right)
+    {
+        cout << Left << " + " << Right << " = " << Left+Right << endl;
+    }
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center> 
+<p>
+The program contains the <b>Add</b> function that adds integers.
+But the main calls it twice, once passing integers and the second
+time passing floating point numbers. The program will compile and run
+but you will get incorrect results because the floats will be 
+<a href=../../C/CONCEPT/cast.html> cast</a> to integers. 
+<p>
+The second
+program offers a solution by <b>overloading</b> the <b>Add</b> function.
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=1 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+    #include &lt;iostream.h&gt;
+    
+    void Add(int    Left, int    Right);
+    <b>void Add(double Left, double Right);</b>
+
+    main ()
+    {
+        Add(5, 9);             // Integer Add.        
+        Add(3.2, 7.1);         // Floating point Add. 
+    }
+ 
+    // Integer version of Add.
+       
+    void Add(int Left, int Right)
+    {
+        cout << Left << " + " << Right << " = " << Left+Right << endl;
+    }
+ <b>
+    // float version of Add.
+    
+    void Add(double Left, double Right)
+    {
+        cout << Left << " + " << Right << " = " << Left+Right << endl;
+    }
+</b>
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>                        
+</center> 
+
+The compiler can now look at the call list and match it with
+a function with the correct parameter list and the floating 
+point addition is performed correctly.
+
+<p>
+
+Please note that the returned argument is not used when matching 
+overloaded functions.
+
+
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/overload.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="fundefault.html">Default Parameter Values.</a>.
+
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/SYNTAX/functions.html">Function Basics</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie 
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!--  //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/fundefault.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/fundefault.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80cd0aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/fundefault.html
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Default Parameters.</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Default Parameters.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+Within C you could not provide default values for function
+parameters. Well, C++ has come to your rescue. 
+<p>
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+    #include &lt;iostream.h&gt;
+    
+    void Func( int one, <b>int two=2, int three=3</b>);
+    
+    main ()
+    {
+        Func(10, 20, 30);
+        Func<b>(10, 20);   // Let the last parm default</b>
+        Func<b>(10);       // Just provide the required parm.</b>
+    }
+    
+
+    void Func( int one, int two, int three)
+    {
+        cout << "One   = " << one   << endl;
+        cout << "Two   = " << two   << endl;
+        cout << "Three = " << three << endl << endl;
+    }
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+From this example, you can see that the prototype/function declaration
+gives default values for the second and third parameters. It is now 
+down to the programmer calling the function to decide how many
+s/he wants to provide.
+<p>
+There are some basic rules that should be applied when using 
+default parameter values.
+<ul>
+<li>When a default is provided, all remaining parameters must be
+    given defaults. There can not be any holes.
+<li>Default values must be of the correct type.
+<li>Defaults can be placed on the function prototype or the function
+    definition. They can also be placed in both locations at the
+    same time. I have been told its good practice to place them 
+    in the prototype only.
+</ul>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<!-- 
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/xxxx.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+-->
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="funcoverload.html">Function Name Overloading</a>.
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/SYNTAX/functions.html">Function basics</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie 
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!--  //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/inheritance.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/inheritance.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c8822c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/inheritance.html
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Inheritance</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Inheritance.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+Inheritance enables classes to use the properties of other classes and
+add to those properties.
+<p>
+The thing to remember about object programming is that it attempts to
+create a software model as close to the real world as possible. Inheritance
+forms an important role to meet this need. Take the following example.
+<p>
+A fabric can have a colour and size and it is also used to make clothes
+as well as tents. Now looking at this from the other angle tents are made
+from fabric and poles but clothes are made from fabric and buttons.
+So, Tents and clothes have something in common, <blink>fabric!</blink> If we described
+tents and clothes in C++, we can seperate fabric into a seperate class
+that the Tent and Clothes classes can inherit.
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border="1" bgcolor=ivory width=80%>
+<tr align=center>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+       -----------         
+      |  Fabric   |        
+       -----------         
+          A    A           
+          |    |           
+       ---      ---        
+      |            |       
+ ---------     ----------- 
+|  Tent   |   |  Clothes  |
+ ---------     ----------- 
+
+
+</pre>
+</tr>
+</td>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+Now for some buzz words:
+<ol>
+<li>Fabric is a <b>base class</b>
+<li>Tent and Clothes are <b>derived classes</b>
+</ol>
+This is what the code looks like:
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border="1" bgcolor=ivory width=50%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+// ... The <b>base</b> class 'Fabric'
+// ... is no different to normal.
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+  class Fabric
+  {
+  public:
+
+       Fabric() {};
+      ~Fabric() {};
+
+      SetSize(int x, int y)
+      {
+          Length = x;
+          Width  = y;
+      };
+
+      SetColour(char *C)
+      {
+         strcpy(Colour, C); 
+      }
+
+  private:
+      int  Length;
+      int  Width;
+      char Colour[20];
+  };
+
+</pre>
+</tr>
+</td>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+<center>
+<table bgcolor=ivory width=80% border="1">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+// ... The <b>derived</b> class 'Tent'
+// ... names 'Fabric' as a base class.
+</pre>
+</td>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+// ... The <b>derived</b> class 'Clothes' also
+// ... names 'Fabric' as a base class.
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+  class Tent <font color=red>: public Fabric</font>
+  {
+  public:
+
+       Tent() {};
+      ~Tent() {};
+
+      SetNumOfPoles(int P)
+      {
+          Poles = P;
+      };
+
+  private:
+      int  Poles;
+  };
+        
+</pre>
+</td>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+  class Clothes <font color=red>: public Fabric</font>
+  {
+  public:
+
+      Clothes() {};
+      ~Clothes() {};
+
+      SetNumOfButtons(int B)
+      {
+          Buttons = B;
+      };
+
+  private:
+      int  Buttons;
+  };
+        
+</pre>
+</tr>
+</td>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+What we now have are three classes with the following public methods.
+
+<ul>
+<li>Fabric
+<ol>
+<li>SetSize
+<li>SetColour
+</ol>
+<li>Tents
+<ol>
+<li>SetSize
+<li>SetColour
+<li>SetNumOfPoles
+</ol>
+<li>Clothes
+<ol>
+<li>SetSize
+<li>SetColour
+<li>SetNumOfButtons
+</ol>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h2>Using the classes</h2>
+
+So we have three classes, they are used in the same way as before but
+with one extra feature.
+<p>
+Consider this piece of code.
+
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" bgcolor=ivory width=50%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+  void Init(Fabric &Material);
+
+  main()
+  {
+      Tent       Frame;
+      Clothes    Jacket;
+
+      Init(Frame);
+      Init(Jacket);
+  }
+
+  void Init(Fabric &Material)
+  {
+      Material.SetColour("Red");
+      Material.SetSize  (10, 20);
+  }
+     
+</pre>
+</tr>
+</td>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+The function 'Init' expects an object of type 'Fabric' but we
+are passing objects of type 'Tents' and 'Clothes', this is OK as
+'Tents' and 'Clothes' are derived from Fabric.
+
+<p>
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/inherit.cc">The final program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie 
+29-Dec-97</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/local_var.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/local_var.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6cb994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/local_var.html
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>C++ Local Variables.</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>C++ Local Variables.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+
+There is not much difference between 
+<a href=../../C/SYNTAX/glo_int_vars.html> C local variables</a> but there
+is one important feature that should be noted.
+<ul>
+<li>Variable definitions are now considered to be executable statements.
+</ul>
+This means that you can now put variable definitions anywhere in the code 
+and not jut at the start of a 
+<a href=../../C/glossary.html#block>block.</a>
+Here is an example.
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table bgcolor=ivory width="80%" border=1>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+    main()
+    {
+        float pi = 3.142;   // Usual location for variable definitions
+        
+        cout << "PI is " << pi << endl;
+        
+        int Count = 1;      // C++ allows us to place a definition here.
+        
+        while (Count < 10)
+        {
+            cout << Count << endl;
+        }
+    }
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+It should be noted that <b>Count</b> is only in scope (usable) from the 
+point of definition and to the end of the block.
+It can not be used in the previous <b>cout</b> statement.  
+<p>
+
+The idea of this feature is to allow you to put variable declarations 
+near to the place 
+you wish to use them. Personnaly, I feel this should not be neccasary
+if you write small concise functions....
+
+There is one natty feature of this facility though. Check this 
+example out.
+<p>
+<center>
+<table bgcolor=ivory width="80%" border=1>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+    main()
+    {
+        int Last = 10;      
+        
+        while (int Count; Count < Last; Count++)
+        {
+            cout << Count << endl;
+        }
+    }
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+In this example, <b>Count</b> is defined inside the <b>for</b> 
+statement and only exists while the for block is being executed.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<!--
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/refvar.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<font color=brown>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/EXAMPLES/pointer_func.c">Example C program.</a>
+</font>
+-->
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href=../../C/SYNTAX/glo_int_vars.html> C local variables</a>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/data_types.html">data types</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie 
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!--  //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/reference_variable.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/reference_variable.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f907323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/reference_variable.html
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Reference variables</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Reference Variables.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+Reference variables allow two variable names to address the 
+same memory location. The following example shows the 
+technique in its simplest form.
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=1 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+        
+    #include <iostream.h>
+    
+    main()
+    {
+        int var1;
+        int &var2 = var1;       // var2 is a reference variable.
+
+        var1 = 10;
+    
+        cout << "var1 = " << var1 << endl;
+        cout << "var2 = " << var2 << endl;
+    }
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+
+Generally, you would not use a reference variable 
+in this way. Its more likely that they would be used 
+in function parameter lists to make the passing of 
+pointers more readable.
+<p>
+This gives C++ the ability to provide a 
+different approch to changing a variable from within a 
+function. Consider the two following programs.
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=1 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr>
+
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
+
+    void Square(<b>int *pVal</b>);
+
+    main()
+    {
+        int Number=10;
+
+        printf("Number is %d\n", Number);
+
+        Square(<b>&Number</b>);
+
+        printf("Number is %d\n", Number);
+    }
+
+    void Square(<b>int *pVal</b>)
+    {
+        <b>*pVal</b> *= <b>*pVal;</b>            
+        
+        printf("Number is %d\n", <b>*pVal</b>);
+    }
+
+</pre>
+</td>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
+
+    void Square(<b>int &Val</b>);
+
+    main()
+    {
+        int Number=10;
+
+        printf("Number is %d\n", Number);
+
+        Square(<b>Number</b>);
+
+        printf("Number is %d\n", Number);
+    }
+
+    void Square(<b>int &Val</b>)
+    {
+        <b>Val</b> *= <b>Val</b>;
+        
+        printf("Number is %d\n", <b>Val</b>);
+    }
+
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+The program on the right should be clearer to read 
+because you do not need to worry about pointer 
+dereferencing.
+
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="..//EXAMPLES/refvar.cc">Example program.</a>
+<p>
+
+<font color=brown>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/EXAMPLES/pointer_func.c">Example C program.</a>
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+
+</font>
+<hr>
+<font color=black>
+<h2>C References</h2>
+<p>
+<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif" alt="o">
+<a href="../../C/CONCEPT/data_types.html">data types</a>.
+
+</font>
+
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../../C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<font color=brown>
+<address>Martin Leslie 
+29-Sep-96</address><p>
+</font>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/scope.html b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/scope.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74f651e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reference/CPLUSPLUS/CONCEPT/scope.html
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Scope in C++</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#dddddd">
+<font color=brown>
+<hr>
+<center><h1>Scope in C++.</h1></center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+                               
+The :: operator is used within C++ to identify global variables that 
+conflict with local variable names. Obviously it would be good programming 
+practice to use suitable names in the first place......
+
+<p>
+<center>
+<table width=1 bgcolor=ivory width=80%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre>
+
+        #include <iostream.h>
+        
+        int Counter = 1;
+        
+        main()     
+        {
+            int Counter = 1;
+            
+            for (int i=0; i< 10; i++)
+            {
+                cout << Counter << " " << ::Counter << endl;
+                Counter++; 
+            }
+            
+            return 0;
+        }
+</pre>
+</tr>
+</td>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
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