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+<title>Bitwise operations</title>
+<body bgcolor="#ffffcc">
+<hr>
+<center>
+<h1>Bitwise operations</h1>
+</center>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+Bitwise operators include:
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width=40% bgcolor=ivory>
+<tr align=center><td>&amp;</td> <td><a href="#aox">AND</a></td></tr>
+<tr align=center><td>&amp;=</td> <td><a href="#aox">AND</a></td></tr>
+<tr align=center><td>|</td> <td><a href="#aox">OR</a></td></tr>
+<tr align=center><td>|=</td> <td><a href="#aox">OR</a></td></tr>
+<tr align=center><td>^</td> <td><a href="#aox">XOR</a></td></tr>
+<tr align=center><td>^=</td> <td><a href="#aox">XOR</a></td></tr>
+<tr align=center><td>~</td> <td><a href="#one">one's compliment</a></td></tr>
+<tr align=center><td>&lt;&lt;</td> <td><a href="#shift">Shift Left</a></td></tr>
+<tr align=center><td>&lt;&lt;</td> <td><a href="#shift">Shift Left</a></td></tr>
+<tr align=center align=center><td>&gt;&gt;=</td> <td><a href="#shift">Shift Right</a></td></tr>
+<tr align=center><td>&gt;&gt;=</td><td><a href="#shift">Shift Right</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+
+<a name=aox>
+<hr>
+<h2>AND OR and XOR</h2>
+
+These require two operands and will perform bit comparisions.
+<p>
+<b>AND &</b>
+will copy a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 bgcolor=ivory>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+ main()
+ {
+ unsigned int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */
+ unsigned int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
+ unsigned int c = 0;
+
+ c = a & b; /* 12 = 0000 1100 */
+ }
+
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<b>OR |</b> will copy a bit if it exists in eather operand.
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 bgcolor=ivory>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+ main()
+ {
+ unsigned int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */
+ unsigned int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
+ unsigned int c = 0;
+
+ c = a | b; /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
+ }
+
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<b>XOR ^</b> copies the bit if it is set in one operand (but not both).
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 bgcolor=ivory>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+ main()
+ {
+ unsigned int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */
+ unsigned int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
+ unsigned int c = 0;
+
+ c = a ^ b; /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
+ }
+
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif alt="o">
+<a href=../EXAMPLES/swap.c>XOR example program</a> which swaps the contents of two variables.
+
+<p>
+<a name=one>
+<hr>
+<h2>Ones Complement</h2>
+
+This operator is unary (requires one operand) and has the efect of
+'flipping' bits.
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 bgcolor=ivory>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+ main()
+ {
+ unsigned int Value=4; /* 4 = 0000 0100 */
+
+ Value = ~ Value; /* 251 = 1111 1011 */
+
+ }
+
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+<a name=shift>
+<hr>
+<h2>Bit shift.</h2>
+The following <a href="../CONCEPT/expressions.html">operators</a>
+can be used for shifting bits left or right.
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width=50% bgcolor=ivory>
+<tr align=center>
+<td width=25%> &lt;&lt; </td>
+<td width=25%> &gt;&gt; </td>
+<td width=25%> &lt;&lt;= </td>
+<td width=25%> &gt;&gt;= </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+The left operands value is moved left or right by the number of bits specified
+by the right operand. For example:
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 bgcolor=ivory>
+<tr><td>
+<pre>
+
+ main()
+ {
+ unsigned int Value=4; /* 4 = 0000 0100 */
+ unsigned int Shift=2;
+
+ Value = Value << Shift; /* 16 = 0001 0000 */
+
+ Value <<= Shift; /* 64 = 0100 0000 */
+
+ printf("%d\n", Value); /* Prints 64 */
+ }
+
+</pre>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+Usually, the resulting 'empty'
+bit is assigned ZERO.
+Please use
+<a href="data_types.html#modifier">unsigned</a>
+variables with these operators to avoid unpredictable
+results.
+<hr>
+<h2>Examples:</h2>
+<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif>
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/and.c">AND</a><br>
+<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif>
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/or.c">OR</a><br>
+<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif>
+<a href="../EXAMPLES/bit_shift.c">Bit shifting.</a>
+<hr>
+<h2>Problem:</h2>
+<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif>
+<a href="../PROBLEMS/problems.html#binary">Bit shifting problem.</a>
+<hr>
+<h2>See Also:</h2>
+<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif>
+All the other <a href="expressions.html#bit">Expressions and operators</a>.<br>
+<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif>
+<a href="../CONCEPT/precedence.html">Operator precedence.</a><br>
+<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif>
+<a href="../CONCEPT/assignment.html">Assignment Operators</a>.
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width=80% bgcolor=ivory>
+<tr align=center>
+<td width=25%>
+<a href="../cref.html">Top</a>
+</td><td width=25%>
+<a href="../master_index.html">Master Index</a>
+</td><td width=25%>
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a>
+</td><td width=25%>
+<a href="../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+<script language="JavaScript">
+<!-- //
+document.write(document.lastModified);
+// -->
+</script>
+</address>
+
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