diff options
| author | Tobias Klauser <tklauser@distanz.ch> | 2008-01-27 11:37:44 +0100 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Tobias Klauser <tklauser@xenon.tklauser.home> | 2008-01-27 11:37:44 +0100 |
| commit | 7e0f021a9aec35fd8e6725e87e3313b101d26f5e (patch) | |
| tree | b1cacc4b24393f517aeb4610e9e1021f954307a8 /reference/C/FUNCTIONS | |
Initial import (2.0.2-6)2.0.2-6
Diffstat (limited to 'reference/C/FUNCTIONS')
70 files changed, 6590 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/Makefile.am b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/Makefile.am new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28d46b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/Makefile.am @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +EXTRA_DIST = $(wildcard *.html) $(wildcard *.htm) $(wildcard *.gif) +docs_DATA = $(EXTRA_DIST) + +docsdir = $(kde_htmldir)/en/kdevelop/$(subdir) + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/Makefile.in b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/Makefile.in new file mode 100644 index 0000000..abc6499 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/Makefile.in @@ -0,0 +1,410 @@ +# KDE tags expanded automatically by am_edit - $Revision: 1.2 $ +# Makefile.in generated automatically by automake 1.5 from Makefile.am. + +# Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 +# Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# This Makefile.in is free software; the Free Software Foundation +# gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, +# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved. + +# This program is 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b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/Master.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a9b6bf --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/Master.html @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +<title>XXXX function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>XXXX function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>XXXX</b> +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + Library: stdlib.h + + Prototype: char *gets(char *s); + + Syntax: char read_line[80]; + + gets( read_line); + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif><a href=../EXAMPLES/malloc.c> example</a> +program. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="malloc.html">malloc</a> function.<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/abort.htm b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/abort.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a00c99 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/abort.htm @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +<title>ABORT function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>ABORT function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +The <b>abort</b> causes a program to abnormaly terminate. +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + + Library: stdlib.h + + Prototype: void abort(void); + + Syntax: main() + { + abort(); + } + + +</pre> +</font> +<p> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +No example program. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/man.gif"><a href=../MAN/abort.htm> abort</a> function.<p> +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"><a href=exit.html> exit</a> function.<p> +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"><a href=atexit.htm> atext</a> function.<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/arglists.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/arglists.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f0842e --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/arglists.html @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +<title>Function argument lists.</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> + <HR> +<center> +<h1>Function argument lists.</h1> +</center> + <HR> <P> + + +Normally, a function has a fixed number of arguments passed to it. But if +you have used something like 'printf' or 'scanf' you will know that a +variable number of arguments can be passed. This ability is defined by the use +of ... (three periods). <a href=../EXAMPLES/varlist.c>Here is an example.</a> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atexit.htm b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atexit.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..330fabf --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atexit.htm @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +<title>ATEXIT function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>ATEXIT function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>atexit</b> regesters a function to be executed when the program +terminates normally. +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + + Library: stdlib.h + + Prototype: int atexit(void (*function)(void)); + + Syntax: void End(void); + + main() + { + atexit(End); + } + + void End(void) + { + printf("The End\n"); + } + +</pre> +</font> +<hr> +Please see +<a href=../CONCEPT/pointers.html#functions>function pointers</a> +for information on how this works. + +<p> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif align=center><a href=../EXAMPLES/atexit.c> example</a> +program. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif><a href=exit.html> exit</a> function.<p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif><a href=abort.htm> abort</a> function.<p> + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atof.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atof.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6d8f6b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atof.html @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +<title>atof function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>atof function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>atof</b> to be done. + +<pre> +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: double atof(const char *ptr); + +Syntax: +</pre> +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif"> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/atof.c">example program.</a><p> +<hr> +See also: <p> +<dt><a href="atoi.html">atoi</a> String to integer conversion. +<dt><a href="atol.html">atol</a> String to long integer conversion. +<dt><a href="../MAN/strtod.htm">strtod</a> String to double conversion. +<dt><a href="strtol.html">strtol</a> String to long integer conversion. +<dt><a href="strtoul.html">strtoul</a> String to unsigned long integer +conversion. + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atoi.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atoi.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..279c0fb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atoi.html @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +<title>atoi function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>atoi function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>atoi</b> to be done. + +<pre> +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: + +Syntax: +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Example:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/exponent.c#atoi"> example program.</a><p> +<hr> +<h2>See also:</h2> +<p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="atof.html">atof</a> String to floating point conversion. +<br> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="atol.html">atol</a> String to long integer conversion. +<br> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="../MAN/strtod.htm">strtod</a> String to double conversion. +<br> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="strtol.html">strtol</a> String to long integer conversion. +<br> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="strtoul.html">strtoul</a> String to unsigned long integer +conversion. + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atol.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atol.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a5099c --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/atol.html @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +<title>atol function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>atol function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>atol</b> to be done. + +<pre> +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: + +Syntax: +</pre> + +<a href=../EXAMPLES/exponent.c><img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif></a> +example program.<p> +<hr> +<h2>See also:</h2> +<p> +<dt><a href=atof.html>atof</a> String to floating point conversion. +<dt><a href=atoi.html>atoi</a> String to integer conversion. +<dt><a href=../MAN/strtod.htm>strtod</a> String to double conversion. +<dt><a href=strtol.html>strtol</a> String to long integer conversion. +<dt><a href=strtoul.html>strtoul</a> String to unsigned long integer +conversion. + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/bsearch.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/bsearch.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c508e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/bsearch.html @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +<title>bsearch function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center><h1>bsearch function</h1></center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>bsearch</b> will look for an item in a list by performing a binry chop. +The data should be pre-sorted for the search to work. +<p> + +<hr> +<pre> +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: + +Syntax: +</pre> + + + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + + +<hr> +<h2>Example:</h2> + +<a href=../EXAMPLES/bsearch.c><img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif></a> +Search an integer list. + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/close.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/close.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89c3cea --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/close.html @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +<title>close function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>close function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>close</b> +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + Library: unistd.h + + Prototype: int close(int fd); + + Syntax: int fd; + + close(fd); + +</pre> +<hr> +<p> + +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif align=center><a href="../EXAMPLES/pipe1.c"> pipe example</a> +program. + +<hr> +<h2>Man Pages:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif align=center><a href="../MAN/close.htm"> close man page. </a> + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="pipe.html">pipe</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="open.html">open</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="write.html">write</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="fclose.html">fclose</a> function.<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/clrscr.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/clrscr.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfd2eb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/clrscr.html @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +<title>clrscr function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<h1>clrscr function</h1> +<b>clrscr</b> clears the screen. This is non standard. + +<pre> +Library: conio.h + +Prototype: + +Syntax: +</pre> + +See also: +<a href=../EXAMPLES/clrscr.c><img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif></a> +Clear the screen using VT escape codes.<p> + + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/dec_tab.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/dec_tab.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9b7346 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/dec_tab.html @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +<title>Decimal Ascii table</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>Decimal Ascii table.</h1> +</center> +<hr> +Here is the Ascii table in base 10. +<pre> + 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 + 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 + 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 + 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 + 032 033 ! 034 " 035 # 036 $ 037 % 038 & 039 ' + 040 ( 041 ) 042 * 043 + 044 , 045 - 046 . 047 / + 048 0 049 1 050 2 051 3 052 4 053 5 054 6 055 7 + 056 8 057 9 058 : 059 ; 060 < 061 = 062 > 063 ? + 064 @ 065 A 066 B 067 C 068 D 069 E 070 F 071 G + 072 H 073 I 074 J 075 K 076 L 077 M 078 N 079 O + 080 P 081 Q 082 R 083 S 084 T 085 U 086 V 087 W + 088 X 089 Y 090 Z 091 [ 092 \ 093 ] 094 ^ 095 _ + 096 ` 097 a 098 b 099 c 100 d 101 e 102 f 103 g + 104 h 105 i 106 j 107 k 108 l 109 m 110 n 111 o + 112 p 113 q 114 r 115 s 116 t 117 u 118 v 119 w + 120 x 121 y 122 z 123 { 124 | 125 } 126 ~ 127 +</pre> + +And the <a href="hex_tab.html">hex</a> table is here.<p> +<a href="../PROBLEMS/ascii2.c"><img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif"></a> +A program to generate this table. + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/directory.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/directory.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e426f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/directory.html @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +<title>Directory functions.</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>Directory functions</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> + +OK. First things first. These functions are NOT part of the ANSI standard +library. They may not be supported on your platform. +<p> + +Here is a quick summary of each function, they are listed in the order in +which you may want to execute them. +</ul> +<li><b>opendir</b> Open a directory stream. +<li><b>readdir</b> read the current entry in the stream. +<li><b>scandir</b> Find an entry in a direcory. +<li><b>seekdir</b> Jump to a directory offset. +<li><b>telldir</b> Return the current location within the directory stream. +<li><b>rewinddir</b> Return to the start of the directory stream. +<li><b>closedir</b> Close a directory. +</ul> + +<hr> + +<table bgcolor=ivory> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + Library: dirent.h + + Prototype: DIR *opendir(const char *name); + + struct dirent *readdir(DIR *dir); + + int scandir(const char *dir, struct dirent ***namelist, + int (*select)(const struct dirent *), + int (*compar)(const void *, const void *)); + + void seekdir(DIR *dir, off_t offset); + + off_t telldir(DIR *dir); + + void rewinddir(DIR *dir); + + int closedir(DIR *dir); +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +The dirent structure does not seem to be documented in the man pages, +so here it is. +<p> +<table bgcolor=ivory> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + struct dirent + { + long d_ino; + off_t d_off; + unsigned short d_reclen; + char d_name[NAME_MAX+1]; + }; +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/dir.c"> example program</a> using opendir, readdir and closedir. +<p> +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href=stat.html>stat</a> function. +<p> +<hr> +<h2>man Pages:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/opendir.htm">opendir</a> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/readdir.htm">readdir</a> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/scandir.htm">scandir</a> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/seekdir.htm">seekdir</a> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/telldir.htm">telldir</a> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/rewinddir.htm">rewinddir</a> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/closedir.htm">closedir</a> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + + + + + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/env.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/env.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0692d5c --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/env.html @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +<title>Enviornmental variable functions</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>Enviornmental variable functions</h1> +</center> +<hr> + +<p> +The following functions allow you to manipulate environmental variables. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/getenv.htm>getenv</a> Get the value of an environmental variable. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/putenv.htm>putenv</a> +Change or add an environmental variable. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/setenv.htm>setenv</a> +Change or add an environmental variable. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/unsetenv.htm>unsetenv</a> +Remove an environmental variable. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif align=center> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/printenv.c>printenv</a> +program. +<p> + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/errno.htm b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/errno.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6051f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/errno.htm @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +<title>XXXX function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>XXXX function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>XXXX</b> +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + Library: stdlib.h + + Prototype: char *gets(char *s); + + Syntax: char read_line[80]; + + gets( read_line); + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif><a href=../EXAMPLES/malloc.c> example</a> +program. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href=malloc.html>malloc</a> function.<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/escape.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/escape.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ba17a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/escape.html @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +<title>Escape sequences</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center><h1>Escape sequences</h1></center> +<hr> +<p> + +The following is a list of escape sequences. +<p> +<pre> + \n Newline + \t Horizontal Tab + \v Vertical Tab + \b Backspace + \r Carriage Return + \f Form feed + \a Audible Alert (bell) + \\ Backslash + \? Question mark + \' Single quote + \" Double quote + \000 Oct - No one uses Octal unless they have an ICL background... + \xhh <a href="hex_tab.html">Hex number</a> + <a href="dec_tab.html">Decimal table</a> just for fun. + \ Preprocessor line continuation, must be immediately followed + by a newline. +</pre> +These can be used anywhere that C expects to see a character constant. +Must be time for a quick example. +<pre> + main() + { + char word[]="\x6d\x6f\x64\x65\x6d"; + + printf("%s\n", word); + } +</pre> +Cant you work out what will appear if you ran this program?? +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/convesc.c"> Example program.</a> + + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/execl.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/execl.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f70f63 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/execl.html @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +<title>execl family of functions</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>execl family of functions</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>execl execlp execle exect execv execvp</b> all performa a simular +function by starting another program. This new program overlays +the existing program, so you can never return to the to original +code unless the call to execl fails. +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + Library: unistd.h + + Prototype: int execl(char *Path, char *arg, (char *)0); + + Syntax: execl("newprog", "newprog", NULL); + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/exec_one.c"> example program issuing the execl.</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/exec_two.c"> The program started by the example above </a> + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="fork.html">fork</a> function.<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/exit.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/exit.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6612140 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/exit.html @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +<title>exit function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head +> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>exit function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>exit</b> +causes the program to end and supplies a status code to the +calling environment. + +<pre> +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: void exit(int status); + +Syntax: + main() + { + exit(0); /* Clean exit */ + } +</pre> + +<hr> +<p> +No example program. +<p> +<hr> +<h2>See also:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif><a href=../SYNTAX/return.html> return</a> keyword. +<p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif><a href=atexit.htm> atexit</a> function. +<p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif><a href=abort.htm> abort</a> function. + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fclose.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fclose.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d490814 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fclose.html @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +<title>fclose function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<center> +<hr> +<h1>fclose function</h1> +<hr> +</center> +<p> + +<b>fclose</b> is used to close a file.<p> + +<pre> +Library: stdio.h + +Prototype: int fclose( FILE *stream); + +Syntax: FILE *fp; + fclose(fp); + +</pre> + + +<a href="../EXAMPLES/read_file.c"><img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif></a> +example program.<p> +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="fgetc.html">fgetc</a> Get a character from a file. +<li><a href="fputc.html">fputc</a> Put a character into a file. +<li><a href="fprintf.html">fprintf</a> Put a formatted line into a file. +<li><a href="fopen.html">fopen</a> Open a file. +<li><a href="popen.html">popen</a> Open a pipe. +<li><a href="pclose.html">pclose</a> Close a pipe. +</ul> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fgetc.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fgetc.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3258acb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fgetc.html @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +<title>fgetc/getc function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>fgetc/getc function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>fgetc</b> and <b>getc</b> both read a character from a file (input stream) +and have the same syntax. They are for all intents and purposes the same! + +<pre> +Library: stdio.h + +Prototype: int fgetc(FILE *stream); + +Syntax: FILE *file_pointer; + char ch; + + ch = fgetc(file_pointer); + ch = getc(file_pointer); + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/read_file.c"> Example program.</a> +<p> +<hr> +<p> +<h2>See also:</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="getchar.html">getchar</a>, +<li><a href="fgets.html">fgets</a>, +<li><a href="gets.html">gets</a>, +</ul> +<p> +getch, getche (non standard) + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fgets.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fgets.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..204a4bc --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fgets.html @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +<title>fgets function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center><h1>fgets function </h1></center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>fgets</b> is used to read a line of data from an external source.<p> +<hr> + +<pre> +Library: stdio.h + +Prototype: char *fgets(char *s, int n, FILE *stream); + +Syntax: char Data[80]; + char *ReturnCode; + FILE *FilePointer; + + ReturnCode=fgets(Data, 80, FilePointer); + + ReturnCode == NULL when an error occours. The EOF is + considered to be an ERROR! +</pre> + +<hr> +<h2>Notes</h2> +<ul> +<li>fgets should be used in preference to <a href=gets.html>gets</a> +as it checks that the incoming data does not exceed the buffer size. +<p> + +<li>If fgets is reading STDIN, the +<a href=escape.html>NEWLINE</a> character is placed into +the buffer. <a href=gets.html>gets</a> removes the NEWLINE. +</ul> +<hr> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/fgets.c> example</a> program number one.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/continue.c> example</a> program number two.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/gets.c> program</a> comparing the action of gets and fgets when reading STDIN.<p> + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href=gets.html>gets</a> Read STDIN (keyboard by default). +<li><a href=fgetc.html>fgetc</a> Get a character from a file. +<li><a href=fputc.html>fputc</a> Put a character into a file. +<li><a href=fprintf.html>fprintf</a> Put a formatted line into a file. +<li><a href=fopen.html>fopen</a> Open a file. +<li><a href=fclose.html>fclose</a> Close a file. +<li><a href=popen.html>popen</a> Open a pipe. +<li><a href=pclose.html>pclose</a> Close a pipe. +</ul> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/files.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/files.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7053fb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/files.html @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +<title>Files - Character I/P & O/P functions.</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>Files - character I/P & O/P functions.</h1> +</center> +<hr> + +The following functions allow you to read & write characters in files. +<p> +<hr> +<h2>man pages. </h2> + +<a href="../MAN/fputs.htm">fputs</a> +Write a string. +<p> +<a href="fgetc.html">fgetc</a> +Read a character. +<p> +<a href="fgetc.html">getc</a> +Read a character. +<p> + +<a href="fputc.html">fputc</a> +Write a character to a file. + +<p> +<a href="../MAN/ungetc.htm">ungetc</a> +Return a character. +<p> +<a href="puts.html">puts</a> +Write a string. +<p> +<a href="../MAN/fputs.htm">putchar</a> +Write a string. +<p> +<a href="../MAN/fputs.htm">putc</a> +Write a string. +<p> + +<a href="gets.html">gets</a> +Read a string. + +<p> +<a href="getchar.html">getchar</a> +Read a character. + +<hr> +<h2>Some of my notes</h2> +<a href="fopen.html">fopen</a> Open a file for read or write. +<p> +<a href="fputc.html">fputc</a> Write a character to a file. +<p> +<a href="fclose.html">fclose</a> Close a file. + +<hr> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/read_file.c">Example program.</a> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fopen.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fopen.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e85afbc --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fopen.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +<title>fopen function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>fopen function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>fopen</b> is used to open a file for read, write or update. +<a href="../MISC/stdfiles.html">stdin, stdout & stderr</a> are opened +by the system at execution time. +<p> + +<table border=2 bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + +Library: stdio.h + +Prototype: FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode); + +Syntax: FILE *fp; + fp = fopen( "/etc/printcap", "r"); + +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2>Notes:</h2> +<pre> + filename - is the name of the file. + mode - r - read file. + - w - Write to file. + - a - Append to file. + +</pre> + +<hr> +<h2>Example Programs:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/read_file.c"> Example program.</a><p> +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<dl compact> +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<dd><a href="fgetc.html">fgetc</a> Get a character from a file. + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<dd><a href="fgets.html">fgets</a> Get a record from a file. + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<dd><a href="files.html">fputc</a> Put a character into a file. MAN PAGE. + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<dd><a href="fprintf.html">fprintf</a> Put a formatted line into a file. + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<dd><a href="fclose.html">fclose</a> Close a file. + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<dd><a href="pclose.html">pclose</a> Close a pipe. + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<dd><a href="system.html">system</a> Open a pipe. + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<dd><a href="../MAN/ferror.htm">ferror</a>. +Check error code on a file stream. + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<dd><a href="../MAN/ferror.htm">feof</a>. +Check for EOF on a file stream. +</dl> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fork.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fork.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0601423 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fork.html @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +<title>fork function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>fork function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>fork</b> spawns a copy of the running process. The copy (or child) +has a copy of the parent process stack, data area and heap and starts +execution after the fork statement. fork is of use when you wish to +write daemon processes. +<p> +<hr> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr> +<td width="80%"> +<pre> + + Library: unistd.h + + Prototype: pid_t fork(void); + + Syntax: pid_t PID + + PID = fork(); +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +On completion, PID will have one of the following values: + +<pre> + > 0 == the childs process ID. + 0 == is returned to the child process. + < 0 == an error occoured. No child created, errno is set to + indicate the problem +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif"><a href="../EXAMPLES/fork1.c"> example</a> +program. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="pipe.html">pipe function.</a><p> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="execl.html">execl function.</a><p> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="../glossary.html#threads">threads</a><p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/format.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/format.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d18e69 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/format.html @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ +<title>printf format identifiers.</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>printf format identifiers.</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +printf formatting is controlled by 'format identifiers' which, are shown +below in their simplest form. +<p> +<center> +<table border bgcolor="ivory" width="80%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + %d %i Decimal signed integer. + %o Octal integer. + %x %X Hex integer. + %u Unsigned integer. + %c Character. + %s String. See below. + %f double + %e %E double. + %g %G double. + %p pointer. + %n Number of characters written by this printf. + No argument expected. + %% %. No argument expected. + +</pre> +</td> +<tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> + +These identifiers actually have upto 6 parts as shown in the table below. +They MUST be used in the order shown. +<p> + +<center> +<table border bgcolor="ivory" width="80%"> +<tr align=center> +<td><a href="#percent">%</a></td> +<td><a href="#flags">Flags</a></td> +<td><a href="#width">Minimum field width</a></td> +<td><a href="#period">Period</a></td> +<td><a href="#precision">Precision. Maximum field width</a></td> +<td><a href="#id">Argument type</a></td> +</tr> +<tr align=center> +<td>Required</td> +<td>Optional</td> +<td>Optional</td> +<td>Optional</td> +<td>Optional</td> +<td>Required</td> +</table> +</center> +<p> + +<a name=percent> +<hr> +<h2>%</h2> +The % marks the start and therfore is manatory. +<p> + +<a name=flags> +<hr> +<h2>Flags</h2> +The format identifers can be altered from their default function by +applying the following <b>flags</b>: +<p> + +<center> +<table border bgcolor="ivory" width="80%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + - Left justify. + 0 Field is padded with 0's instead of blanks. + + Sign of number always O/P. + blank Positive values begin with a blank. + # Various uses: + %#o (Octal) 0 prefix inserted. + %#x (Hex) 0x prefix added to non-zero values. + %#X (Hex) 0X prefix added to non-zero values. + %#e Always show the decimal point. + %#E Always show the decimal point. + %#f Always show the decimal point. + %#g Always show the decimal point trailing + zeros not removed. + %#G Always show the decimal point trailing + zeros not removed. + +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> + +<ul> +<li>The flags must follow the <a href="#percent">%</a>. +<li>Where it makes sense, more than one flag can be used. +</ul> +Here are a few more examples. +<p> + +<center> +<table border bgcolor="ivory" width="80%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + printf(" %-10d \n", number); + printf(" %010d \n", number); + printf(" %-#10x \n", number); + printf(" %#x \n", number); +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> + +<p> +<a name=width> +<hr> +<h2>Minimum field width.</h2> +By default the width of a field will be the minimum required to hold +the data. If you want to increase the field width you can use the +following syntax. +<p> +<center> +<table border bgcolor="ivory" width="80%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + main() + { + int number = 5; + char *pointer = "little"; + + printf("Here is a number-%4d-and a-%10s-word.\n", number, pointer); + } + + /********************************* + * + * Program result is: + * + * Here is a number- 5-and a- little-word. + * + *********************************/ +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +As you can see, the data is right justified within the field. It can +be left justified by using the <a href="#flags">- flag</a>. +A <a href="#precision">maximum string</a> width can also be specified. +<p> +The width can also be given as a variable as shown below. +<p> +<center> +<table border bgcolor="ivory" width="80%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + main() + { + int number=5; + + printf("---%*d----\n", 6, number); + } + + /********************************* + * + * Program result is: + * + * ---- 5--- + * + *********************************/ +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +The * is replaced with the supplied <b>int</b> to provide the ability to +dynamically specify the field width. +<p> +<hr> +<a name=period> +<h2>Period</h2> +If you wish to specify the <a href="#precision">precision</a> of an argument, +it MUST be prefixed with the period. +<p> +<a name=precision> +<hr> +<h2>Precision</h2> + +The Precision takes different meanings for the different format types. + +<h3>Float Precision</h3> +<pre> + %8.2f +</pre> +This says you require a total field of 8 characters, within the 8 +characters the last 2 will hold the decimal part. + +<pre> + %.2f +</pre> + +The example above requests the minimum field width and the last two +characters are to hold the decimal part. + +<h3>Character String Maximum field width</h3> + +The precision within a string format specifies the maximum +field width. +<pre> + %4.8s +</pre> +Specifies a minimum width of 4 and a maximum width +of 8 characters. If the string is greater than 8 characters, +it will be cropped down to size. +<p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/sprintf1.c>Here is a little program</a> +that shows an alternative to <a href=strncpy.html>strncpy</a>. + +<h3>* Precision</h3> + +As with the 'width' above, the precision does not have to be hard +coded, the * symbol can be used and an integer supplied to give its +value. +<p> +<hr> +<a name=id> +<h2>Format Identifiers</h2> +The format identifier describes the expected data. The identifier is the +character that ends +Here is a list of the format identifers as used in 'printf' ,'sprintf' +,'fprintf' and 'scanf'. + +<ol> +<li>Except for '%' and 'n', all the identifiers expect to extract an argument +from the <b>printf</b> parameter list. +<li>All of the parmameters should be the value +to be inserted. EXCEPT %s, this expects a <a href="../CONCEPT/pointers.html"> +pointer</a> to be passed. +</ol> +<h2>An example.</h2> +<p> +<center> +<table border bgcolor="ivory" width="80%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + main() + { + int number=5; + char *pointer="little"; + + printf("Here is a number %d and a %s word.\n", number, pointer); + } + /********************************* + * + * Program result is: + * + * Here is a number 5 and a little word. + * + *********************************/ +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fprintf.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fprintf.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7ff8e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fprintf.html @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +<title>fprintf function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>fprintf function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>fprintf</b> is used to format data and O/P to a file. It +is basically a <a href="printf.html">printf</a> and so uses the same +<a href="escape.html"> escape sequences</a> and <a href="format.html">format +identifers.</a><p> +A related function is +<a href="sprintf.html">sprintf</a> which will O/P formatted text to +a character array.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/fprintf.c"> +example program.</a> +<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fputc.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fputc.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ce91b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/fputc.html @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +<title>fputc function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<center> +<hr> +<h1>fputc function</h1> +<hr> +</center> +<p> + +<b>fputc</b> writes one character to a file.<p> +<hr> + +<pre> +Library: stdio.h + +Prototype: int fputc(int c, FILE *stream); + +Syntax: FILE *fp; + int ch = 'a'; + + fp = <a href="fopen.html">fopen</a>("/tmp/file", "w"); + fputc(ch, fp); + <a href="fclose.html">fclose</a>(fp); + +</pre> + +<hr> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/copy_file.c"> +Example program.</a> Copy a file. +<p> +<hr> +<h2>Man pages</h2> +<a href="../MAN/fputs.htm">fputc</a> +<i>Write a character.</i> +<p> +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="fgetc.html">fgetc</a> Get a character from a file. +<li><a href="fprintf.html">fprintf</a> Put a formatted line into a file. +<li><a href="fopen.html">fopen</a> Open a file. +<li><a href="popen.html">popen</a> Open a pipe. +<li><a href="pclose.html">pclose</a> Close a pipe. +</ul> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/free.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/free.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..439c3c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/free.html @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +<title>free function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>free function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>free</b> is used to return allocated memory to the system. +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + Library: <a href="funcref.htm#stdlib">sdlib.h</a> + + Prototype: <a href="../SYNTAX/void.html">void</a> free(void *s); + + Syntax: char *StrPtr; + StrPtr = (char *) malloc(100); + free(StrPtr); + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Notes:</h2> +<ul> +<li>If you use <a href="malloc.html">malloc</a> inside a loop and dont <b>free</b> +the memory, you run the risk of the program crashing. +<p> +<li>If a program ends without issuing a <b>free</b>, any allocated memory +is returned to the system. +</uL> +<p> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif><a href="../EXAMPLES/malloc.c"> example</a> +program. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="malloc.html">malloc</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="../../CPLUSPLUS/SYNTAX/new.html">new</a> C++ replacement for malloc.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="../../CPLUSPLUS/SYNTAX/delete.html">delete</a> C++ replacement for free.<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/funcframe.htm b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/funcframe.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..405dc06 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/funcframe.htm @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +<html> +<head> +<title>Function reference</title> +</head> + +<frameset rows="55, *" border=0> + +<frame src="funcquery.htm" name="func_head"> +<frame src="funcref.htm" name="func_body"> +</frameset> + +<noframes> +Your browser does not support frames. +</noframes> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/funcquery.htm b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/funcquery.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9fa6576 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/funcquery.htm @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +<head> +<script> + +// Set up a default search string. + +SubString = "*"; + +function Find(Form) +{ + SubString = Form.data.value + + // Refresh the 'func_body' frame. + + parent.func_body.history.go(0); +} + +</script> + +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> + +<form name="query"> +Please enter a search string. +<input type="text" size=20 name="data"> +<input type="button" Value="Search" OnClick="Find(this.form)"> + +</form> + +<script> + +// Put the default value into the input field. + +document.query.data.value=SubString; +</script> + +</body> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f97e076 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm @@ -0,0 +1,760 @@ +<html>
+<head>
+<title>C Functions - Quick Ref</title>
+
+<script language="JavaScript">
+
+function W(Str)
+{
+ document.writeln(Str);
+}
+
+function Line(Image, Href, Link, Desc)
+{
+ HSize = 14;
+ WSize = 26;
+
+ if (Image == "man")
+ {
+ HSize = 21;
+ WSize = 26;
+ }
+
+ if (Image == "computer")
+ {
+ HSize = 30;
+ WSize = 27;
+ }
+
+ var Text = "";
+ Text = "<dt> ";
+ Text += "<img src=\"../../GRAPHICS/" + Image + ".gif\" alt=\"o\" height=" + HSize +" width=" + WSize + "> ";
+ Text += "<dd>";
+ Text += "<a href=" + Href + " target=\"_top\">";
+ Text += Link + " </a>";
+ Text += Desc;
+ W(Text);
+}
+
+</script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="ffffcc">
+<hr>
+<center>
+<img src=../../GRAPHICS/function.gif alt="Functions">
+</center>
+<hr>
+<p>
+This is a summary of
+<a href="../glossary.html#ansi">ANSI</a> and
+<a href="../glossary.html#posix">POSIX</a> functions grouped by library. If you want an alphabetical
+list, please use the <a href="../master_index.html">master index</a>.
+Please refer
+to a manual for a complete list of functions available to you.
+<p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#headers">ANSI standard library.</a>
+ <li><a href="#posix">POSIX library.</a>
+ <li><a href="#NONANSI">Non Standard functions from CONIO.H</a>
+ <li><a href="#NONANSIUNIX">Non ANSI Standard Unix functions</a>
+ <li><a href="#USER">User written functions.</a>
+ <li><a href="arglists.html">Variable length argument lists.</a>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+
+ <hr>
+ <a name="ANSI">
+ <a name="headers">
+ <h2>ANSI standard library.</h2>
+
+ The ANSI library is declared in the following header files.
+ <p>
+ <table border=2 width=100% bgcolor=ivory>
+ <tr align=center><td>
+ <a href="#assert">assert.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#ctype">ctype.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#errno">errno.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#float">float.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#limits">limits.h</a>
+ </td>
+ </tr><tr align=center>
+ <td>
+ <a href="#locale">locale.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#math">math.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#setjmp">setjmp.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#signal">signal.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#stdarg">stdarg.h</a>
+ </td>
+ </tr><tr align=center>
+ <td>
+ <a href="#stddef">stddef.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#stdio">stdio.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#stdlib">stdlib.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#string">string.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#time">time.h</a>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+ <p>
+ <a name=posix>
+ <hr>
+ <h2>POSIX library</h2>
+ The <a href="../glossary.html#posix">POSIX</a> library contains
+ the following headers.
+ <p>
+
+ <table border=2 width=100% bgcolor=ivory>
+ <tr align=center><td>
+ <a href="#cpio">cpio.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#dirent">dirent.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#fcntl">fcntl.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#grp">grp.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#pwd">pwd.h</a>
+ </td>
+ </tr><tr align=center>
+ <td>
+ <a href="#stat">sys/stat.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#times">sys/times.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#types">sys/types.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#utsname">sys/utsname.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#wait">sys/wait.h</a>
+ </td>
+ </tr><tr align=center>
+ <td>
+ <a href="#tar">tar.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#termios">termios.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#unistd">unistd.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+
+ <a href="#utime">utime.h</a>
+ </td><td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ <p>
+
+<dl compact>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2>ANSII Library headers</h2>
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! --- Should be complete and all entries are in master index >
+<! ASSERT.H >
+<a name=assert>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>assert.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../MAN/assert.htm", "assert", "");
+</script>
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! --- Should be complete and all entries are in master index >
+<! CTYPE.H >
+<a name=ctype>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>ctype.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "isalnum", "Checks whether a character is alphanumeric (A-Z, a-z, 0-9)");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "isalpha", "");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "iscntrl", "Checks whether a character is a control character or delete ( decimal 0-31 and 127)");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "isdigit", "Checks whether a character is a digit (0-9)");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "isgraph", "Checks whether a character is a printable character, excluding the space (decimal 32)");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "islower", "Checks whether a character is a lower case letter (a-z).");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "isprint", "Checks whether a character is printable (decimal 32-126).");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "ispunct", "Checks whether a character is punctuation (decimal 32-47, 58-63, 91-96, 123-126)");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "isspace", "Checks whether a character is white space - space, CR HT VT NL, FF.");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "isupper", "Checks whether a character is an upper case letter (A-Z).");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c", "isxdigit", "Checks whether a character is hex digit (0-9, A-F, a-f).");
+Line("man", "../MAN/toupper.htm", "toupper", "Converts a lowercase character to uppercase.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/toupper.htm", "tolower", "Convert an uppercase character to lowercase.");
+</script>
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! ERRNO.H >
+<a name=errno>
+<dt><hr>
+<h2>errno.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../FUNCTIONS/errno.htm", "errno", "");
+</script>
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! FLOAT.H >
+<a name=float>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>float.h</h2>
+
+No functions are <a href="../SYNTAX/functions.html#2.2">declared</a> in stddef.h.
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! LIMITS.H >
+<a name=limits>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>limits.h</h2>
+
+No functions are <a href="../SYNTAX/functions.html#2.2">declared</a> in stddef.h.
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! LOCALE.H >
+<a name=locale>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>locale.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../MAN/setlocale.htm", "setlocale", "");
+</script>
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! MATH.H >
+<! --- Should be complete. master index done >
+<dt><hr>
+<a name=math>
+<dt><h2>math.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../MAN/acos.htm", "acos", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/asin.htm", "asin", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/atan.htm", "atan", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/atan2.htm", "atan2", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/ceil.htm", "ceil", "smallest integral value not less than x");
+Line("man", "../MAN/cos.htm", "cos", "Cosine.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/cosh.htm", "cosh", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/exp.htm", "exp", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fabs.htm", "fabs", "absolute value of floating-point number");
+Line("man", "../MAN/floor.htm", "floor", "largest integral value not greater than x");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fmod.htm", "fmod", "floating-point remainder function");
+Line("man", "../MAN/frexp.htm", "frexp", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/ldexp.htm", "ldexp", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/exp.htm", "log", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/exp.htm", "log10", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/modf.htm", "modf", "");
+W("<a name=power>");
+Line("man", "../MAN/exp.htm", "pow", "Raise a number by a power.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/sin.htm", "sin", "The sine of an integer.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/sinh.htm", "sinh", "");
+W("<a name=square>");
+Line("man", "../MAN/sqrt.htm", "sqrt", "Square root of a number.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/tan.htm", "tan", "Tangent.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/tanh.htm", "tanh", "Hyperbolic tangent.");
+
+</script>
+
+<h3>Note</h3> For some reason <b>abs</b> is in <a href="#stdlib">stdlib.h</a>
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! SETJMP.H >
+<a name=setjmp>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<dt><h2>setjmp.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../MAN/setjmp.htm", "setjmp", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/longjmp.htm", "longjmp", "");
+</script>
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! SIGNAL.H >
+<a name=signal>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>signal.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../MAN/signal.htm", "signal", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/raise.htm", "raise", "");
+</script>
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! STDARG.H >
+<a name=stdarg>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>stdarg.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../MAN/va_start.htm", "va_start", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/va_start.htm", "va_arg", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/va_start.htm", "va_end", "");
+Line("whiteball", "../SYNTAX/functions.html#2.7", "An example of use", "");
+</script>
+<p>
+See also <a href=#stdio>vprintf vfprintf and vsprintf</a> which all print the contents of a va_list
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! STDDEF.H >
+<a name=stddef>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>stddef.h</h2>
+No functions are <a href="../SYNTAX/functions.html#2.2">declared</a> in stddef.h.
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! --- Not complete. master index to be done >
+<! STDIO.H >
+<a name=stdio>
+<dt><hr>
+<h2>stdio.h</h2>
+
+This header defines all the ANSI I/O functions that allow you to read
+and write to files and devices.
+<a href="../MISC/io.html#low">Low level</a> (non ANSI) functions are also available.
+<p>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../MAN/ferror.htm", "clearerr", "");
+Line("whiteball", "fclose.html", "fclose", "Close a file.");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/continue.c", "feof", "Check for EOF while reading a file.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fflush.htm", "fflush", "");
+Line("whiteball", "fgetc.html", "fgetc", "Read a character from a file.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fgetpos.htm", "fgetpos", "");
+Line("whiteball", "fgets.html", "fgets", "Read a record from a file (safer than fgetc).");
+Line("whiteball", "fopen.html", "fopen", "Open a file");
+Line("whiteball", "fprintf.html", "fprintf", "O/P a line of data to a file.");
+Line("whiteball", "files.html", "fputc", "Put a charater into a file.");
+Line("whiteball", "files.html", "fputs", "Put a string into a file.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fread.htm", "fread", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/freopen.htm", "freopen", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fscanf.htm", "fscanf", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fgetpos.htm", "fseek", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fgetpos.htm", "fsetpos", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fgetpos.htm", "ftell", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fread.htm", "fwrite", "");
+Line("whiteball", "fgetc.html", "getc", "Get a character from an input stream.");
+Line("whiteball", "getchar.html", "getchar", "Get a character from the keyboard (STDIN).");
+Line("whiteball", "gets.html", "gets", "Get string (from keyboard).");
+Line("man", "../MAN/perror.htm", "perror", "");
+Line("whiteball", "printf.html", "printf", "O/P data to the screen or a file.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/puts.htm", "putchar", "O/P a character to STDOUT.");
+Line("whiteball", "puts.html", "puts", "O/P data to the screen or a file.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/remove.htm", "remove", "Remove a file.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fgetpos.htm", "rewind", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/scanf.htm", "scanf", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/setbuf.htm", "setbuf", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/setvbuf.htm", "setvbuf", "");
+Line("whiteball", "sprintf.html", "sprintf", "O/P data in tha same way as 'printf' but put it into a string.");
+Line("whiteball", "sscanf.html", "sscanf", "Extract fields from a string.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/tmpfile.htm", "tmpfile", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/tmpnam.htm", "tmpnam", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/gets.htm", "ungetc", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/vfprintf.htm", "vfprintf", "O/P a va_list to a file.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/vfprintf.htm", "vprintf", "O/P a va_list to stdout.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/vfprintf.htm", "vsprintf", "O/P a va_list to a string.");
+</script>
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! --- Complete. master index to be done >
+<! STDLIB.H -->
+<a name=stdlib>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>stdlib.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("whiteball", "abort.htm", "abort", "a program.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/abs.htm", "abs", "compute the absolute value of an integer.");
+Line("whiteball", "atexit.htm", "atexit", "Execute the named function when the program terminates.");
+Line("whiteball", "atof.html", "atof", "convert a string to a double");
+Line("whiteball", "../EXAMPLES/exponent.c#atoi", "atoi", "Accepts +-0123456789 leading blanks and converts to integer.");
+Line("whiteball", "atol.html", "atol", "convert a string to a long integer");
+Line("whiteball", "bsearch.html", "bsearch", "Binary chop.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/calloc.htm", "calloc", "memory for an array.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/div.htm", "div", "compute the quotient and remainder of integer division");
+Line("whiteball", "exit.html", "exit", "Normally terminate a program.");
+Line("whiteball", "env.html", "getenv", "Get an environmental variable.");
+Line("whiteball", "free.html", "free", "memory allocated with malloc.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/labs.htm", "labs", "compute the absolute value of a long integer");
+Line("man", "../MAN/div.htm", "ldiv", "compute the quotient and remainder of long integer division.");
+Line("whiteball", "malloc.html", "malloc", "dynamically allocate memory.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/mblen.htm", "mblen", "determine the number of bytes in a character");
+Line("man", "../MAN/mbstowcs.htm", "mbstowcs", "convert a multibyte string to a wide character string.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/mbtowc.htm", "mbtowc", "convert a multibyte character to a wide character");
+Line("whiteball", "qsort.html", "qsort", "Sort an array.");
+Line("whiteball", "rand.html", "rand", "Generate a random number.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/realloc.htm", "realloc", "Reallocate memory.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/strtod.htm", "strtod", "Convert a string to a double.");
+Line("whiteball", "strtol.html", "strtol", "String to long integer conversion. Takes data in various number bases.");
+Line("whiteball", "strtoul.html", "strtoul", "Convert a string to an unsigned long. This can also perform number base conversion.");
+Line("whiteball", "srand.html", "srand", "Seed a random number.");
+Line("whiteball", "system.html", "system", "Issue a command to the operating system");
+Line("man", "../MAN/wctomb.htm", "wctomb", "convert a wide character to a multibyte character.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/wcstombs.htm", "wcstombs", "convert a wide character string to a multibyte character string.");
+</script>
+
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! --- Complete. master index to be done >
+<! STRING.H >
+<a name=string>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>string.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../MAN/memchr.htm", "memchr", "Copy a character into memory.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/memcmp.htm", "memcmp", "Compare memory locations.");
+Line("whiteball", "memcpy.htm", "memcpy", "Copy memory.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/memmove.htm", "memmove", "Move memory.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/memset.htm", "memset", "Set memory.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/strcat.htm", "strcat", "Concatinate two strings.");
+
+W("<a name=strchr>");
+Line("whiteball", "strchr.html", "strchr", "Search for a character in a string.");
+
+Line("whiteball", "strcmp.html", "strcmp", "Compare strings.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/strcoll.htm", "strcoll", "");
+Line("whiteball", "strcpy.html", "strcpy", "Copy strings.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/strcspn.htm", "strcspn", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/strerror.htm", "strerror", "");
+Line("whiteball", "strlen.html", "strlen", "Length of a string.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/strcat.htm", "strncat", "Concatinate two strings.");
+Line("whiteball", "strncmp.html", "strncmp", "Compare two strings.");
+Line("whiteball", "strncpy.html", "strncpy", "Copy part of a string.");
+Line("whiteball", "strpbrk.html", "strpbrk", "");
+Line("whiteball", "strchr.html", "strrchr", "Search for a character in a string.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/strspn.htm", "strspn", "");
+Line("whiteball", "strstr.html", "strstr", "Search a string for a substring.");
+Line("whiteball", "strtok.html", "strtok", "The books say this function splits a string into tokens. I think its function is best described as parsing a string.");
+Line("whiteball", "time.html", "strxfrm", "");
+</script>
+
+<! ----------------------------------------------------------- >
+<! TIME.H >
+<! --- Should be complete. master index done >
+<a name=time>
+<dt><hr>
+<dt><h2>time.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../MAN/asctime.htm", "asctime", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/clock.htm", "clock", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/asctime.htm", "ctime", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/difftime.htm", "difftime", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/asctime.htm", "gmtime", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/asctime.htm", "localtime", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/asctime.htm", "mktime", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/strftime.htm", "strftime", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/time.htm", "time", "");
+Line("computer", "../EXAMPLES/time.c", "Example", "program using some of the time functions.");
+</script>
+
+<dt><hr>
+<h2>POSIX functions start here....</h2>
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=cpio>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>cpio.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=dirent>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>dirent.h</h2>
+
+<script>
+Line("whiteball", "directory.html", "opendir", "Open a directory.");
+Line("whiteball", "directory.html", "closedir", "Close a directory.");
+Line("whiteball", "directory.html", "readdir", "Read a directory entry.");
+Line("whiteball", "directory.html", "rewinddir", "Return to the beginning of a directory.");
+Line("whiteball", "directory.html", "scandir", "Scan a directory for a matching entry.");
+Line("whiteball", "directory.html", "seekdir", "Move to an offset in a directory.");
+Line("whiteball", "directory.html", "telldir", "Return the location within a directory.");
+</script>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=fcntl>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>fcntl.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=grp>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>grp.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=pwd>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>pwd.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=stat>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>sys/stat.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=times>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>sys/times.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=types>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>sys/types.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=utsname>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>sys/utsname.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=wait>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>sys/wait.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=tar>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>tar.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=termios>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>termios.h</h2>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=unistd>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>unistd.h</h2>
+
+It seems that this library contains headers for many functions that originally came with the ANSII
+standard library but did not have headers.
+<b>My documentation for this POSIX library is incomplete.</b>
+
+<script>
+Line("man", "../MAN/access.htm", "access", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/alarm.htm", "alarm", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/chdir.htm", "chdir", "Change the current working directory.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/chown.htm", "chown", "Change the ownership of a file.");
+Line("whiteball", "../FUNCTIONS/close.html", "close", "Close a file (see <a href=\"../MISC/io.html#low\">low level functions</a>)");
+Line("man", "../MAN/chroot.htm", "chroot", "Change the root directory I am not 100% sure this is supposed to be in unistd.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/ctermid.htm", "ctermid", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/cuserid.htm", "cuserid", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/dup2.htm", "dup", "duplicate a file descriptor");
+Line("man", "../MAN/dup2.htm", "dup2", "duplicate a file descriptor");
+Line("whiteball", "execl.html", "execl", "");
+Line("whiteball", "execl.html", "execle", "");
+Line("whiteball", "execl.html", "execlp", "");
+Line("whiteball", "execl.html", "execv", "");
+Line("whiteball", "execl.html", "execve", "");
+Line("whiteball", "execl.html", "execvp", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/chdir.htm", "fchdir", "Change the current working directory.I am not 100% sure this is supposed to be in unistd.");
+Line("whiteball", "fork.html", "fork", "Create a child process.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/pathconf.htm", "fpathconf", "Change the current working directory.I am not 100% sure this is supposed to be in unistd.");
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "getegid", "Get the group ID of the process.");
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "geteuid", "Get the User ID of the process.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/gethostname.htm", "gethostname", "Name of the host (see <a href=\"#uname\">uname</a>). Not 100% sure this is in unistd");
+Line("whiteball", "../MAN/getopt.html", "getopt,", "parse the command line Not 100% sure this is in unistd.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/getgid.htm", "getgid", "Get a group ID.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/getgroups.htm", "getgroups", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/getlogin.htm", "getlogin", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/getpgrp.htm", "getpgrp", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/getpid.htm", "getpid", "get process ID.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/getpid.htm", "getppid,", "get parent process ID.");
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "getuid", "Get the User ID of the process.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/isatty.htm", "isatty", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/link.htm", "link", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/lseek.htm", "lseek", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/mkdir.htm", "mkdir", "Make a directory");
+Line("whiteball", "open.html", "open", "Open a file");
+Line("man", "../MAN/fpathconf.htm", "pathconf", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/pause.htm", "pause", "Put the program to sleep.");
+Line("whiteball", "pipe.html", "pipe", "");
+Line("whiteball", "read.html", "read", "Read a file descriptor.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/rename.htm", "rename", "Rename a file. This function can also be found in the ANSI stdio library. MAN PAGE.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/rmdir.htm", "rmdir", "Remove a directory");
+
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "setgid", "Set the Group ID of the process.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/setpgid.htm", "setpgid", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/setsid.htm", "setsid", "");
+W("<a name=setuid>");
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "setuid", "Set the User ID of the process.");
+W("<a name=sleep>");
+Line("whiteball", "../MAN/sleep.htm", "sleep", "Pause for a required number of seconds.");
+Line("man", "../MAN/sysconf.htm", "sysconf", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/tcgetpgrp.htm", "tcgetpgrp", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/tcgetpgrp.htm", "tcsetpgrp", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/ttyname.htm", "ttyname", "");
+Line("man", "../MAN/unlink.htm", "unlink", "Remove a file");
+Line("whiteball", "write.html", "write", "Write to a file descriptor.");
+</script>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name=utime>
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>utime.h</h2>
+
+<dt><hr>
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name="NONANSI">
+<dt><hr>
+
+<h2>conio.h</h2>
+Dos Specific functions in conio.h Not very portable as conio.h
+is NOT in the ANSI standard library and does not
+appear on the Sun or Linux machines.
+<p>
+
+<script>
+Line("whiteball", "clrscr.html", "clrscr", "Clear screen");
+Line("whiteball", "", "getch", "Get a character from the keyboard.");
+Line("whiteball", "", "getche", "Get a character from the keyboard.");
+</script>
+
+</dl>
+<hr><hr>
+
+<a name="NONANSIUNIX">
+<h2>Non ANSI Standard Unix Functions.</h2>
+These functions are not in the ANSI standard libraries but are handy
+all the same.
+<p>
+
+<dl compact>
+<script>
+Line("whiteball", "#dirent", "dirent.h", "Functions performing actions on directories");
+Line("computer", "../EXAMPLES/statfs.c", "statfs", "Filesystem statistics.");
+Line("whiteball", "#unistd", "unistd.h", "");
+Line("whiteball", "#hotchpotch", "Ungrouped functions.", "");
+</script>
+</dl>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+
+
+</dl>
+
+<! -------------------------------------------------->
+<a name="hotchpotch">
+<hr>
+<h2>Ungrouped functions</h2>
+<dl compact>
+
+<script>
+Line("whiteball", "passwd.html", "endpwent", "");
+Line("whiteball", "passwd.html", "fgetpwent", "");
+Line("whiteball", "passwd.html", "getpw", "Get a password entry.");
+Line("whiteball", "passwd.html", "getpwent", "Get a password entry.");
+Line("whiteball", "passwd.html", "getpwnam", "Get a record by keying on the user name.");
+Line("whiteball", "passwd.html", "getpwuid", "Get a record by keying on the UID (numeric).");
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "getuidx", "Get the User ID of a process (RS/6000 only).");
+Line("whiteball", "strchr.html", "index", "Search for a character in a string (Use <a href=#strchr>strchr</a> to conform to the ANSI standard).");
+
+Line("whiteball", "passwd.html", "putpwent", "");
+Line("whiteball", "pclose.html", "pclose", "Close a pipe.");
+Line("whiteball", "popen.html", "popen", "Open a Unix pipe.");
+Line("whiteball", "env.html", "putenv", "Change or create an environmental variable.");
+
+Line("whiteball", "env.html", "setenv", "Change or create an environmental variable.");
+Line("whiteball", "passwd.html", "setpwent", "");
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "setreuid", "Set the ID of the process calling process.");
+Line("whiteball", "stat.html", "stat", "Get status information on files (modification time, file size etc).");
+W("<a name=uname>");
+Line("whiteball", "uname.html", "uname", "Get information about the machine we are running on.");
+Line("whiteball", "env.html", "unsetenv", "Remove an environmental variable.");
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "setuidx", "Set the User ID of the process (RS/6000 only).");
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "setegid setrgid", "Set the Group ID of the process.");
+W("<a name=setuid>");
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "seteuid setruid", "Set the User ID of the process.");
+Line("whiteball", "setuid.html", "getruid", "Get the User ID of the process.");
+Line("whiteball", "../SYNTAX/sizeof.html", "sizeof", "Return the storage allocation for a <a href=../CONCEPT/data_types.html>data type.</a>This is actually an operator! I have put it in here as it looks like a function and so you will probably look for it here....");
+
+Line("computer", "../EXAMPLES/sizeof.c", "example", "showing the size of data types");
+Line("computer", "../EXAMPLES/sizeof1.c", "example", "showing the size of data objects.");
+
+<dt>
+<hr>
+<a name="USER">
+<hr>
+<h2>User written functions <br>(and a few lifted from books)</h2>
+<hr>
+
+Line("computer", "../EXAMPLES/clrscr.c", "clrscr.", "Clear the screen using VT escape sequence.");
+Line("computer", "../EXAMPLES/convesc.c", "convesc.", "Insert escape codes into a text string.");
+Line("computer", "../EXAMPLES/basename.c", "basename.", "Strip directory information from a Unix file name.");
+Line("computer", "../EXAMPLES/printenv.c", "printenv.", "List the environmental variables.");
+Line("computer", "../EXAMPLES/lenstr.c", "lenstr", "User written version of <a href=strlen.html>strlen</a>", "");
+Line("computer", "../EXAMPLES/reverse.c", "reverse", "Reverse characters in a string.");
+
+<!-- Start of footer. -->
+</dl>
+
+<p>
+<hr>
+<p>
+<center>
+<table border=2 width=80% bgcolor="ivory">
+<tr align=center>
+<td width="25%">
+<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a>
+</td><td width="25%">
+<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<p>
+<hr>
+<address>Martin Leslie
+</address><p>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/getchar.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/getchar.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b37071 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/getchar.html @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +<title>getchar function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>getchar function </h1> +<hr> +</center> +<p> +<b>getchar</b> is used to read data from the keyboard ( +<a href=../MISC/stdfiles.html>stdin</a>). Effectivly +it is a <b>fgetc(stdin)</b>.<p> +The problem with this function is that the characters are buffered until +RETURN is hit! This means that <b>getchar</b> does not see the characters +until the user presses return. The non standard function <b>getche</b> +gets around this problem and sees each character as it is pressed. +I have not been able to produce the same function on Linux. +The nearest I can get is by using 'curses' but it keeps clearing the screen! + +<pre> +Library: stdio.h + +Prototype: int getchar(void); + +Syntax: ch = getchar(); + +</pre> + + +<a href=../EXAMPLES/getchar.c><img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif></a> +example program. +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +See also: +<ul> +<li><a href=fgetc.html>fgetc</a> +<li><a href=fgetc.html>getc</a> +<li><a href=fgets.html>fgets</a> +<li><a href=gets.html>gets</a> +<p> +<li>getch (non standard) +<li>getche (non standard). +</ul> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/getopt.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/getopt.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6f3cb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/getopt.html @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +<title>getopt function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>getopt function</h1> +</center> +<hr> + + + +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/command_line.c"> Example using argc and argv</a> +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="../CONCEPT/cmdline.html">command line</a> arguments (argc/argv). + +<br> +<p><img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/getopt.htm">getopt</a> man page. + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/gets.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/gets.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..400b7a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/gets.html @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +<title>fgets function</title> +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center><h1>gets function </h1></center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>gets</b> is used to read a line of data from +<a href=../MISC/stdfiles.html>STDIN</a>. By default STDIN is the +keyboard. <b>gets</b> continues to read characters until NEWLINE or EOF +is seen. +<p> + +<pre> +Library: stdio.h + +Prototype: char *gets(char *s); + +Syntax: char read_line[80]; + + gets( read_line); +</pre> + +<h2>Notes</h2> +<ol> +<li><b>gets</b> does NOT check the size of the buffer and overflow on the +stack can occour. Because of this, you should use +<a href=fgets.html>fgets</a> in preferance. +<p> + +<li>The +<a href=escape.html>NEWLINE</a> +character is NOT placed in the buffer. +<a href=fgets.html>fgets</a> will retain the +<a href=escape.html>NEWLINE</a>. +</ul> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/gets.c>example</a> +showing fgets and gets in action.<p> +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href=fgets.html>fgets</a> Get a string from a file. +<li><a href=fgetc.html>fgetc</a> Get a character from a file. +<li><a href=fputc.html>fputc</a> Put a character into a file. +<li><a href=fprintf.html>fprintf</a> Put a formatted line into a file. +<li><a href=fopen.html>fopen</a> Open a file. +<li><a href=fclose.html>fclose</a> Close a file. +<li><a href=popen.html>popen</a> Open a pipe. +<li><a href=pclose.html>pclose</a> Close a pipe. + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/hex_tab.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/hex_tab.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a9c3d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/hex_tab.html @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +<title>Hex Ascii table</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> + <HR> +<center> +<h1>Hex Ascii table.</h1> +</center> + <HR> +Here is the Ascii table in base 16. +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 + 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F + 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 + 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F + 20 21 ! 22 " 23 # 24 $ 25 % 26 & 27 ' + 28 ( 29 ) 2A * 2B + 2C , 2D - 2E . 2F / + 30 0 31 1 32 2 33 3 34 4 35 5 36 6 37 7 + 38 8 39 9 3A : 3B ; 3C < 3D = 3E > 3F ? + 40 @ 41 A 42 B 43 C 44 D 45 E 46 F 47 G + 48 H 49 I 4A J 4B K 4C L 4D M 4E N 4F O + 50 P 51 Q 52 R 53 S 54 T 55 U 56 V 57 W + 58 X 59 Y 5A Z 5B [ 5C \ 5D ] 5E ^ 5F _ + 60 ` 61 a 62 b 63 c 64 d 65 e 66 f 67 g + 68 h 69 i 6A j 6B k 6C l 6D m 6E n 6F o + 70 p 71 q 72 r 73 s 74 t 75 u 76 v 77 w + 78 x 79 y 7A z 7B { 7C | 7D } 7E ~ 7F +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<dl compact> +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> The <a href=dec_tab.html>decimal</a> table is here.<p> +<p> + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif align=center><a href="../PROBLEMS/ascii2.c"> A program</a> to generate this table. +<p> + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif><a href="../MISC/numconv.html"> Conversion between Dec,Hec,Binary</a> +<p> +</dl> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/kill.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/kill.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c280ce --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/kill.html @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +<title>kill function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>kill function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>kill</b> +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + Library: signal.h + + Prototype: int kill(Pitd_t Pid, int Signal); + + Syntax: + + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif><a href="../EXAMPLES/kill.c"> example</a> +program. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="malloc.html">malloc</a> function.<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/malloc.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/malloc.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4f7e0f --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/malloc.html @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +<title>malloc function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>malloc function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>malloc</b> (memory allocation) is used to dynamically allocate memory +at run time. Possible uses for this function are: + +<ul> +<li>Read records of an unknown length. +<li>Read an unknown number of database records. +<li><a href="../MISC/linklists.html">Link lists</a>. +</ul> + +The simplest way to reserve memory is to code something like: +<p> +<table border=2 width=100% bgcolor=ivory> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + main() + { + char string[1000]; + + <a href="strcpy.html">strcpy</a> (string, "Some text"); + } +</pre> +</tr> +</td> +</table> +<p> +The example above has two problems: +<ul> +<li>If the data is less than + +1000 bytes we are wasting memory. +<li>If the data is greater than 1000 bytes the program is going to crash. +<li>The 1000 bytes are reserved throught out the life of the program. +If this was a long running program that rarely used the memory, it would +again be wasteful. +</ul> +malloc allows us to allocate exactly the correct amount of memory and +with the use of <a href="free.html">free</a> only for the time it is required. +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + Library: stdlib.h + + Prototype: void *malloc(size_t size); + + Syntax: char * String; + + String = (char *) malloc(1000); +</pre> +<hr> +<p> +Looking at the example syntax above, 1000 bytes are reserved and the pointer +<b>String</b> points to the first byte. The 1000 bytes are NOT initialized +by malloc. If the memory is NOT available, a +<a href="../SYNTAX/null.html">NULL</a> pointer is returned. + +Please note, the cast <a href="../CONCEPT/cast.html">cast</a> is required to +return a pointer of the correct type. +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif"><a href="../EXAMPLES/linklst1.c"> example</a> +program. + +<p> +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="../CONCEPT/data_types.html#char">char</a> data type.<p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="free.html">free</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="../SYNTAX/sizeof.html">sizeof</a> operator.<p> +<hr> +<font color=brown> +<h2>C++</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="../../CPLUSPLUS/SYNTAX/new.html">new</a> is the C++ equivalent to malloc.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="../../CPLUSPLUS/SYNTAX/delete.html">delete</a> is the C++ equivalent to +<a href="free.html">free</a>.<p> +</font> + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/memcpy.htm b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/memcpy.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2dafe8 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/memcpy.htm @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +<title>memcpy function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>memcpy function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>memcpy</b> copies data between two memory locations. This function will copy the +supplied number of bytes +stored at the location pointed to by 's2' to the location pointed to by 's1'. + +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr><td> +<pre> + + s1 s2 + | | + V V + - - - - --------------- + | | | | | | a | b | c | d | + - - - - --------------- + ^ ^ | | + | | | | + -|------------- | + ------------------ +</pre> +</td></tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +<h2>Prototype</h2> + +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr><td> +<pre> + Library: string.h + + Prototype: char memcpy(void *s1, void *s2, int num); + + Syntax: + float data1; + char data2[64]; + + memcpy(data1, data2, sizeof(data2)); +</pre> +</td></tr></table></center><p> +<hr> + +<h2>Notes</h2> + +This is a handy function for moving data between data types + +<h2>See also:</h2> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="strtok.html>strtok"</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="strncpy.html">strncpy</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="strcpy.html">strcpy</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="sprintf.html">sprintf</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/man.gif"> +<a href="../MAN/strcat.htm"><i>strcat</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="../CONCEPT/string.html">strings</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="../FUNCTIONS/memcpy.htm">memcpy</a> Copy data from one memory location to another. + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/open.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/open.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c785f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/open.html @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +<title>open function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>open function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>open</b> +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + Library: unistd.h + sys/types.h + sys/stat.h + fcntl.h + + Prototype: int open(char *Path, int Flags); + + Syntax: int fd; + char *Path="/tmp/file"; + int Flags= O_WRONLY; + + fd = open(Path, Flags); + +</pre> +<hr> +<p> +<b>Flags</b> specify the file attributes. They must contain one of +O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY or O_RDWR and may also have any of the following. +O_CREAT, O_EXCL, O_NOCTTY, O_TRUNC, O_APPEND, O_NONBLOCK, O_NDELAY, +O_SYNC. See the man page for full details. + +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif><a href="../EXAMPLES/pipe1.c"> pipe example</a> +program. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="pipe.html">pipe</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="close.html">close</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="write.html">write</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="fopen.html">fopen</a> function.<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/passwd.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/passwd.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0db88b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/passwd.html @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +<title>Password file functions.</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>Password file functions.</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +Various functions to extract information from the /etc/passwd file. +This will not work on DOS machines. +<p> + +<hr> +<h2>man pages. </h2> +Some of these links may not work as your system may not support +all the functions. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/getpwnam.htm">getpwuid</a> +<i>Get a record by keying on the UID (numeric).</i> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/getpwnam.htm">getpwnam</a> +<i>Get a record by keying on the user name.</i> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/fgetpwent.htm">fgetpwent</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/getpwent.htm">getpwent</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/getpwent.htm">setpwent</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/getpwent.htm">endpwent</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/getpw.htm">getpw</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/putpwent.htm">putpwent</a> +<p> + +<hr> +<h2>Some notes</h2> + +<hr> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif align=center> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/user_name.c">Example program.</a> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/pclose.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/pclose.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48f9694 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/pclose.html @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +<title>pclose function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center><h1>pclose function</h1></center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>pclose</b> is used to close a pipe created with +<a href=popen.html>popen</a>.<p> + +<pre> +Library: stdio.h + +Prototype: int pclose( FILE *stream); + +Syntax: FILE *fp; + pclose(fp); + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Example:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/popen.c"> +example program.</a><p> +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="fgetc.html"> fgetc</a> Get a character from a file. +<li><a href="fputc.html"> fputc</a> Put a character into a file. +<li><a href="fprintf.html">fprintf</a> Put a formatted line into a file. +<li><a href="fopen.html"> fopen</a> Open a file. +<li><a href="popen.html"> popen</a> Open a pipe. +<li><a href="fclose.html"> fopen</a> Close a file. +<li><a href="system.html"> system</a> Issue a system command. +</ul> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/pipe.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/pipe.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f2682c --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/pipe.html @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<title>pipe function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>pipe function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>pipe</b> creates two file descriptors which can be used by +parent and child processes to communicate data. A child process can +be created with the <a href="fork.html">fork</a> function. +<p> +<hr> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr> +<td width="80%"> +<pre> + + Library: unistd.h + + Prototype: int pipe(int fd[2]); + + Syntax: int fd[2]; + pipe(fd); +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +On error, pipe returns -1.<p> +Once the pipe has been executed, the data can be transfered +using <a href=read.html>read</a> and +<a href=write.html>write</a>. +<hr> +<h2>Notes:</h2> +Make sure that when you <a href=read.html>read</a> +exactly the same number of bytes that are +<a href=write.html>written</a>! I spend HOURS +trying to figure out why I was loosing data because of this feature!! +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/pipe1.c"> read and write fixed length records.</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/pipe2.c"> read and write variable length records.</a> + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="fork.html">fork</a> <p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="popen.html">popen</a> function.<p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="pclose.html">pclose</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="read.html">read</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="write.html">write</a> function.<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/popen.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/popen.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac93bec --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/popen.html @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +<title>popen function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>popen function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>popen</b> is used to read and write to a unix pipe.<p> This function is NOT +included in 'C Programming Language' (ANSI) but can be found in 'The Standard +C Library' book. + +<pre> +Library: stdio.h + +Prototype: FILE *popen(const char *command, const char *type); + +Syntax: FILE *fp; + fp = popen( "ls -l", "r"); + +Notes: + command - is the command to be issued. + type - r - read O/P from command. + - w - Write data as I/P to command. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif></a> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/popen.c> example program.</a><p> + +<hr> +<h2>Notes:</h2> +<ul> +<li>popen will always execute the command from within the Bourne shell. +<li>popen feeds the STDOUT back to your program. If you want STDERR, +the following will do the trick. +<pre> + fp=popen("ls -l 2>&1", "w"); + AAAA + |||| +</pre> +</ul> +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href=fgetc.html>fgetc</a> Get a character from a file. +<li><a href=files.html>fputc</a> Put a character into a file.<i>man pages</i> +<li><a href=fprintf.html>fprintf</a> Put a formatted line into a file. +<li><a href=fopen.html>fopen</a> Open a file. +<li><a href=fclose.html>fclose</a> Close a file. +<li><a href=pclose.html>pclose</a> Close a pipe. +<li><a href=system.html>system</a> Open a pipe. +</ul> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/printf.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/printf.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..111a8e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/printf.html @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +<title>printf function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>printf function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>printf</b> is used to O/P data to +<a href="../MISC/stdfiles.html">STDOUT</a> (usually the screen). It has many +formatting options which we shall look at in a moment. + +<hr> +<h2>printf syntax</h2> +This is an example of <b>printf</b> in its simplest form. +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 bgcolor=ivory> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + #include <stdio.h> + + main() + { + printf("This text will appear on the screen\n"); + } +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +printf is passed one formatting argument. +The unusual thing about the example (in my mind) is <b>\n</b>, this is actually +an <a href="escape.html"> escape sequence</a> that signals a new line. Without +it, any printf's +that follow would O/P to the same line. +<b>printf</b> also takes extra arguments which are inserted into the format +string at locations marked with a <b>%</b>. +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 bgcolor=ivory> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + #include <stdio.h> + + main() + { + int number=42; + printf("The answer is %i\n", number); + } +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +What happens here is the <b>%i</b> is seen as a +<a href="format.html">formatting identifer</a> for the +next argument (number). In this case an integer is expected.<p> + +<hr> +<h2>See also</h2> +<ol> +<li><a href="puts.html">puts</a> Much easier to use - but not as powerfull. +<li><a href="sprintf.html">sprintf</a> Same as 'printf' but O/P to a string array. +<li><a href="../CONCEPT/string.html">Strings</a>. +<li><a href="../SYNTAX/idioms.html#printf">A dead handy printf idiom.</a>. +</ol> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/puts.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/puts.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e31e79 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/puts.html @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +<title>puts function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>puts function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>puts</b> is used to print data on the screen (or to a file). +Another related +function is <a href=printf.html>printf</a> which is much more powerfull. +<p> +Anyway here is an <a href=../EXAMPLES/first.c>example</a> of the puts function. + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/qsort.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/qsort.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..466cd4e --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/qsort.html @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<title>qsort function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<center> +<hr> +<h1>qsort function</h1> +<hr> +</center> +<p> +<b>qsort</b> will sort an array of elements. This is a wild function that +uses a pointer to another function that performs +the required comparisons. + +<pre> +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: void qsort(void *base, + size_t num, + size_t size, + int (*comp_func)(const void *, const void *)) + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Some explanation.</h2> +<ul> +<li><pre>void * base</pre> Is a pointer to the array to be sorted. This can +be a pointer to any <a href=../CONCEPT/data_types.html>datatype</a>. +<p> +<li><pre>size_t num</pre> The number of elements. +<p> +<li><pre>size_t size</pre> The element size. +<p> +<li><pre>int (*comp_func)(const void *, const void *))</pre> This is a +pointer to +a function. +</ul> + + +<hr> +<h2>Notes</h2> +<ol> +<li>Well... This caused me alot of trouble! Although the prototype above is +exactly as shown in the documentation, the last parm kept giving compiler +warnings (invalid pointer type) this is the fix. +<pre> + +Prototype: void qsort(void *base, + size_t num, + size_t size, + (void *) (*comp_func)(const void *, const void *)) +</pre> +does anyone know the answer to this problem?? +<p> +<li>I think <a href=../CONCEPT/pointers.html#void>void *</a> needs an explanation. +<p> +<li>And <a href=../CONCEPT/cast.html>cast</a> aswell +<p> +</ol> +<hr> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/qsort1.c>Example program 1</a> As basic as I can make it.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/qsort2.c>Example program</a> with user input.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../CONTRIB/OR_USING_C/14.2.c>O'Reilly 'Using C' example.</a><p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/rand.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/rand.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..afbba99 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/rand.html @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +<title>rand function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<h1>rand function </h1> +<b>rand</b> will generate a random number between 0 and 'RAND_MAX' +(at least 32767). + +<pre> +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: int rand(void); + +Syntax: int r; /* Random number */ + + r = rand(); +</pre> + +<hr> +<h2>Notes</h2> +<ul> +<li> +Rand will always produce the same sequence of numbers unless +<a href=srand.html>srand</a> is called to seed the start point. +<li> +RAND_MAX is only defined in ANSII header files. +<li>A non standard function <b>random</b> is available on the Sun. +</ul> +<hr> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/rand.c>example program.</a><p> + +<hr> +<h2>See also:</h2> <p> + +<dl compact> +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<dd><a href=srand.html>srand</a> Seed the randon number generator. + +<dt><img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<dd><a href=../MAN/rand.htm>rand man page.</a> +</dl> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/read.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/read.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4541bb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/read.html @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +<title>read function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>read function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>read</b> +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + Library: unistd.h + sys/types.h + + Prototype: int read(int fd, char *Buff, int NumBytes); + + Syntax: int fd; + char Buff[50]; + + read(fd, Buff, sizeof(Buff)); + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif><a href="../EXAMPLES/pipe1.c"> pipe example</a> +program. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="pipe.html">pipe</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="open.html">open</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="close.html">close</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="write.html">write</a> function.<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/setuid.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/setuid.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..423ceeb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/setuid.html @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<title>User ID.</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<h1>User ID.</h1> + +Various functions to change and see a User or Group ID. These are NOT +ANSII standard functions. Do not expect them all to work on your machine.... +<p> +<hr> +<h2>Man pages. </h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/getuid.htm>getuid</a> +<i>Get a users real ID.</i> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/getuid.htm>geteuid</a> +<i>Get a users effective ID.</i> +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/setuid.htm>setuid</a> +<i>Set real and effective process ID.</i> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/seteuid.htm>seteuid</a> +<i>Set effective process ID.</i> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/setruid.htm>setruid</a> +<i>Set real process ID.</i> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/setgid.htm>setgid</a> +<i>Set real and effective Group ID.</i> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/setegid.htm>setegid</a> +<i>Set effective Group ID.</i> +<p> + +<hr> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +setreuid +Seems to have different uses on Sun and RS/6000. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +setuidx +RS/6000 (AIX only). +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +getuidx +RS/6000 (AIX only). +<p> + +<hr> +<h2>Some notes</h2> + +<hr> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/setuid.c>Example program.</a> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/sprintf.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/sprintf.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..362818c --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/sprintf.html @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +<title>sprintf function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>sprintf function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>sprintf</b> is used to format data and put it into a string array. It +is basically a <a href="printf.html">printf</a> and so uses the same +<a href="escape.html"> escape sequences</a> and <a href="format.html">format +identifers.</a><p> + +<a href="../EXAMPLES/sprintf.c"><img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif"></a> +example program.<p> + +<hr> +<h1>See also</h1> +<a href="fprintf.html">fprintf</a> which will O/P formatted text to a file. +<p> +<a href="printf.html">printf</a> O/P formatted text to STDOUT. +<p> +<a href="puts.html">puts</a> O/P text to STDOUT. +<p> +<a href="strcpy.html">strcpy</a> Copy strings. +<p> +<a href="../MAN/strcat.htm"> +<i>strcat</a> Concatinate strings. MAN PAGE.</i> +<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/srand.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/srand.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0d42ee --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/srand.html @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +<title>srand function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>srand function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> + +<b>srand</b> seeds the random number generation function +<a href=rand.html>rand</a> +so it does not produce the same sequence of numbers. +<pre> +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: void srand(unsigned int seed); + +Syntax: unsigned int seed=10; /* seed value */ + + srand(); +</pre> + +<hr> +<h2>Notes</h2> +<ul> +<li> +Obviously the seed has to change every time the program is run. +One way to do this is to feed it the O/P from <a href=time.html>time</a> +</ul> +<hr> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/rand.c>example program.</a> +<p> + +<hr> +See also: <p> +<dt><a href=rand.html>rand</a> Generate a randon number generator. +<dt><a href=time.html>time</a> get the calender time (Number of seconds +since 1st Jan 1970. + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/sscanf.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/sscanf.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc0934b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/sscanf.html @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +<title>sscanf function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>sscanf function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +To be done..... +<hr> +<pre> +Library: stdio.h + +Prototype: char sscanf(const char *buff, const char *format, +<a href="../SYNTAX/functions.html#2.7">...</a>); + +<hr> + +<h2>Notes</h2> + +<hr> +<H2>Examples</H2> + +<a href="../EXAMPLES/sscanf.c"><img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif"></a> +example program. +<hr> + +<h2>See also:</h2> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> <a href="sprintf.html">sprintf</a> +<bk> +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> <a href="strtok.html">strtok</a> +<bk> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/stat.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/stat.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..601aeaa --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/stat.html @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +<title>stat/fstat/lstat functions.</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>stat/fstat/lstat functions.</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> + +All three functions return information about a file. Please note +that devices are seen as files to Unix, so you could 'stat' things +like /dev/mouse to see when the mouse was last moved.<p> + +<b>stat</b> return the status of a file.<p> + +<b>fstat</b> stats an open file.<p> + +<b>lstat</b> reports on a link, not the file it points too.<p> +<pre> +Libraries: sys/stat.h + unistd.h + +Syntax: struct stat stat_p; + stat ("martin", &stat_p); + +Stat Structure: + + struct stat + { + dev_t st_dev; /* device */ + ino_t st_ino; /* inode */ + umode_t st_mode; /* protection */ + nlink_t st_nlink; /* number of hard links */ + uid_t st_uid; /* user ID of owner */ + gid_t st_gid; /* group ID of owner */ + dev_t st_rdev; /* device type (if inode device) */ + off_t st_size; /* total size, in bytes */ + unsigned long st_blksize; /* blocksize for filesystem I/O */ + unsigned long st_blocks; /* number of blocks allocated */ + time_t st_atime; /* time of last access */ + time_t st_mtime; /* time of last modification */ + time_t st_ctime; /* time of last change */ + }; + +</pre> + +<b>st_mode</b> can be used with the following macros to discover the +type of file being statted. + +<a name=filetype> +<pre> + S_ISLNK(st_mode) is it a symbolic link + + S_ISREG(st_mode) regular file + + S_ISDIR(st_mode) directory + + S_ISCHR(st_mode) character device + + S_ISBLK(st_mode) block device + + S_ISFIFO(st_mode) fifo + + S_ISSOCK(st_mode) socket +</pre> + +These functions return a large amount of information. See the man page +(below) for details. You will need to understand +<a href="../SYNTAX/struct.html">structures</a> to work with stat.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href="../MAN/stat.htm"> +man page to provide all the details.</a> +<p> +<hr> +<h2>Examples</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/stat.c"> +example program.</a> +<p> +<hr> +<h2>See also:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href=directory.html>POSIX functions to read directory information.</a> +<p> +<hr> +<h2>Note</h2> +I have seen a problem with the 'access time', it only seems to get updated +if the file system is local. If the filesystem is NFS mounted and +accessed via 'cat' or 'head' the access date is not updated. + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/stdlib.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/stdlib.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec05ac4 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/stdlib.html @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<h1> +<center>stdlib.h</center> +</h1> +<hr> + +This page is obsolete and has been replaced with +<a href=funcref.htm#stdlib>this new page</a>. + + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strchr.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strchr.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d1b39b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strchr.html @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +<title>strchr strrchr functions</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center><h1>strchr strrchr functions</h1></center> +<p> +<hr> +<ul> +<li><b>strchr</b> will find the first matching character in a string.<br> +<p> +<li><b>strrchr</b> will find the last matching character in a string.<p> +</ul> + +The functions will return a pointer to the character or +<a href=../SYNTAX/null.html>NULL</a> if +the character is not found. + +<hr> +<pre> +Library: string.h + +Prototype: char * strchr(const char *string, int character); + +Syntax: int character='w'; + char *string="red dwarf"; + if(strchr(string, character)) puts("Character found"); +</pre> + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href=strstr.html>strstr</a> which looks for a sub-string in a string. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href=strpbrk.html>strpbrk</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/index.htm>index and rindex</a> do the same as <b>strchr</b> +and <b>strrchr</b> but are non standard. + + +<hr> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/strchr.c> Example program (from Dave Doolin).</a> <p> + + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strcmp.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strcmp.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..003ba5b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strcmp.html @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +<title>strcmp function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>strcmp function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>strcmp</b> will test two strings for equallity. +<pre> + Returns : + < 0 if s1 is less than s2 + 0 if s1 == s2 + > 0 if s1 is greater than s2 +</pre> +This function probably provides too much information +by indicating which string is lexicographically greater. The net result +means that the <b>strcmp</b> return code is logically incorrect because +it returns a <a href=../CONCEPT/true_false.html>FALSE</a> value +when the strings match. +<p> +<hr> +<h2>Example:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif alt="o"> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/strcmp.c>Function that compares two strings</a> +and returns a sensible return code. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif alt="o"> +<a href=strncmp.html>strncmp</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif alt="o"> +<a href=strstr.html>strstr</a> Find a sub string in a string. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif alt="o"> +<a href=strchr.html>strchr</a>Locate a character in a string. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif alt="o"> +<a href=../MAN/index.htm>index</a> Locate a character in a string. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif alt="o"> +<a href=../MAN/strcasecmp.htm>strcasecmp</a> Compare strings, ignoring case. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif alt="o"> +<a href=../MAN/toupper.htm>toupper</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif alt="o"> +<a href=../MAN/toupper.htm>tolower</a> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strcpy.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strcpy.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a15dbb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strcpy.html @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +<title>strcpy function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>strcpy function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>strcpy</b> copies a string. This function will copy the bytes +stored at the location pointed to by 's2' to the location pointed to by 's1'. + +<pre> + + s1 s2 + | | + V V + - - - - - - - -- + | | | | | |a|b|c|\0| + - - - - - - - -- + ^ ^ | | + | | | | + -|------------- | + --------------- +</pre> + +<hr> +<pre> +Library: string.h + +Prototype: char strcpy(char *s1, const char *s2); + +Syntax: + char string2[20]="red dwarf"; + char string1[20]=""; + strcpy(string1, string2); +</pre> + +<hr> + +<h2>Notes</h2> + +Dont forget that strings are terminated with a +'<a href="../SYNTAX/null.html">\0</a>' so allow space for it... +<p> +There is another way to code the example above. Consider this piece of +code. +<pre> + main() + { + char *string2="red dwarf"; + char *string1; + + string1=string2; + } +</pre> + +'string2' is now a character pointer (only one byte) that points to a +storage location containing "red dwarf" (a +<a href="../CONCEPT/constants.html#str">string constant</a>). So +<b>string1=string2;</b> copies the address of "red dwarf" into +'string1'. This version of the code will execute quicker than strcpy +because less data is being moved around the system. + + +<hr> +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif"> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/strcpy.c">example program.</a> +<hr> + +<h2>See also:</h2> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="strtok.html">strtok</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="strncpy.html">strncpy</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="sprintf.html">sprintf</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/man.gif"> +<a href="../MAN/strcat.htm"><i>strcat</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="../CONCEPT/string.html">strings</a> +<br> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif"> +<a href="memcpy.htm">memcpy</a> Copy data between tow memory locations. +<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strlen.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strlen.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4473955 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strlen.html @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +<title>strlen function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>strlen function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>strlen</b> will give you the length of a string, NOT including the '\0' +terminator. It should not be confused with the +<a href=../SYNTAX/sizeof.html>sizeof</a> operator +which returns the size of a variable (that could hold a string).<p> + +<pre> +Library: string.h + +Prototype: size_t strlen(const char *s); + +Syntax: size_t size; + char string[20]="red dwarf"; + size = strlen(string); +</pre> + +<hr> +<h2>Examples</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/reverse.c> Example program.</a> +<hr> +<h2>See Also</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/strlen.htm> strlen man page.</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href=../SYNTAX/sizeof.html>sizeof</a> operator. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/lenstr.c> lenstr - User written version of strlen.</a> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strncmp.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strncmp.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..023b622 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strncmp.html @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +<title>strncmp function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>strncmp function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>strncmp</b> will test at most 'n' characters in s1 to s2 for equallity. +<pre> +Library: string.h + +Prototype: int strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, int n); + +Syntax: char string1[]="red dwarf"; + char string2[]="red"; + + strncmp(string1, string2, 3); +Returns : + < 0 if s1 is less than s2 + 0 if s1 == s2 + > 0 id s1 > s2 +</pre> +Could do with more explanation.... +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href=strcmp.html>strcmp</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif alt="o"> +<a href=../MAN/strcasecmp.htm>strcasecmp</a> Compare strings, ignoring case. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/toupper.htm>toupper</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/toupper.htm>tolower</a> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href=../CONCEPT/string.html>Strings</a> +<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strncpy.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strncpy.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19c2ae9 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strncpy.html @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +<title>strncpy function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<center> +<hr> +<h1>strncpy function</h1> +<hr> +</center> +<p> +<b>strncpy</b> copies 'n' bytes from one string to another.<p> + +<pre> +Library: string.h + +Prototype: char strncpy(char s1, const char *s2, size_t n); + +Syntax: size_t n; + char string1[20]="red dwarf"; + char string2[20]="; + strncpy(string2, string1, 4); +</pre> + +<hr> +<h2>Notes</h2> +<ul> +<li>It may be nessacary to add your own +<a href=../SYNTAX/null.html>NULL</a> terminator. +</ul> +<hr> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/strncpy.c>example program.</a><p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/sprintf1.c>An alternative method using 'sprintf'...</a><p> + + +<hr> +<h2>See also:</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href=strcpy.html>strcpy</a> Copy a string. +<li><a href=../MAN/memcpy.htm>memcpy</a> Copy memory. +<li><a href=strtok.html>strtok</a> Get characters upto a seperator. +<li><a href=../MAN/strcasecmp.htm>strcasecmp</a> Compare strings, ignoring case. +<p> +</ul> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strpbrk.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strpbrk.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e9909b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strpbrk.html @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +<title>strpbrk function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center><h1>strpbrk function</h1></center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>strpbrk</b> locates characters in a string. +<p> + +<hr> +<pre> +Library: string.h + +Prototype: char * strpbrk(const char *string1, const char *string2); + +Syntax: char *ptr; + char string1[]="martin was ere"; + char string2[]="ea"; + + ptr=strpbrk(string1, string2); +</pre> + +In this example <b>ptr</b> will be pointing to the first <b>a</b> +within <b>m</b><i>a</i><b>rtin was ere</b> + + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<ul> +<li><a href=strchr.html>strchr</a> +</ul> + +<hr> +<h2>Example:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/strpbrk.c>Change field seperators to 'blank'.</a><p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif> +<a href=../MAN/strpbrk.htm> MAN PAGE</a> +<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strstr.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strstr.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4df5542 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strstr.html @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +<title>strstr function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>strstr function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>strstr</b> will find a sub-string within a string. +See also <a href="strchr.html">strchr</a> which will look for a character in a +string. + +<pre> +Library: string.h + +Prototype: char * strstr(const char *s1, const char *s2); + +Syntax: char string1[]="red dwarf"; + char string2[]="dwarf"; + void *pointer; + pointer = strstr(string1, string2); +</pre> +strstr returns a pointer to the beginning of the sub-string or NULL +if not found. +<hr> +<h2>Example:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/strstr.c"> +example program.</a> + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/man.gif></a> +<a href="../MAN/strstr.htm">strstr</a> man page. +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif></a> +<a href="strchr.html">strchr</a> Find a character in a string. +<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strtok.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strtok.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d15b2f --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strtok.html @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<title>strncpy function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>strtok function</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +All the books that I have read, say that strtok will break a string +into tokens. This is true, but a more obvious +explanation is, that it will break a string into <b>words</b>. +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + +Library: string.h + +Prototype: char * strtok(char *s, const char *delim); + +Syntax: char string []="abc def ghi"; + char * word; + + word=strtok(string, " "); + word=strtok(NULL, " "); + +</pre> + +<b>strtok</b> requires a string and the word delimiters, for example: + +<pre> + + word = strtok(string, " "); + A A + | | + | ------- Delimiters. + | + -------------- String to break up. + +</pre> +After the first call to strtok, word will point to <b>abc</b> on the second +call, word will point to <b>def</b> +<p> +<hr> +<h2>Notes:</h2> +<ul> +<li>strtok will alter the I/P string by placing +<a href="../SYNTAX/null.html">NULLS</a> at the delimiter +positions. A good habit is to <a href="../FUNCTIONS/strcpy.html">copy</a> +the string to a tempary string +and use the copy in the strtok call. +<p> +<li>More than one delimiter can be specified. So you could code: +<pre> + + word = strtok(string, " <a href="../FUNCTIONS/escape.html">\t</a>;:,"); + +</pre> +<li>You do not have to include \0 or <a href=../SYNTAX/null.html>NULL</a> +</ul> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/strtok.c"> Example program.</a> +<hr> +<h2>See also:</h2> +<dt><a href="strcpy.html">strcpy</a> +<dt><a href="strncpy.html">strncpy</a> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strtol.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strtol.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a676fc --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strtol.html @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +<title>strtol function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>strtol function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>strtol</b> will convert a string to a long integer. An important feature +of this function is the ability to accept data in various number bases +and convert to decimal. If +you are just working with decimal numbers, +<a href="atoi.html">atoi</a> is probably an easer function to use. +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: long int strtol(const char *sptr, char **endptr, int base); + +Syntax: char String[]="ff"; /* string to convert */ + int Base=16; /* Base 16 */ + long int Ans; /* Result */ + + Ans = strtol(String, NULL, Base); +</pre> + +<hr> +<h2>Notes</h2> +The second argument (char **endptr) seems to be a waste of space! If +it is set to NULL, STRTOL +seems to work its way down the string until it finds an invalid character +and then stops. All valid chars read are then converted if the string +starts with an invalid character the function returns ZERO (0). +<p> +The Third argument (base) can have a value of 0 or 2-32. +<ul> +<li>0 - strtol will attempt to pick the base. Only Dec, Oct Hex supported. +<li>2-31 - The base to use. +</ul> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/strtol.c"> Example program.</a> +<p> +<hr> +<dt><h2>See also:</h2> +<p> +<dt><a href="atoi.html">atoi</a> String to integer conversion. +<dt><a href="atof.html">atof</a> String to floating point conversion. +<dt><a href="atol.html">atol</a> String to long integer conversion. +<dt><a href="../MAN/strtod.htm">strtod</a> String to double conversion. +<dt><a href="strtoul.html">strtoul</a> String to unsigned long integer +conversion. +<dt><a href="../MISC/numconv.html">Conversion table.</a> +<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strtoul.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strtoul.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4f3ea3 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/strtoul.html @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<title>strtoul function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>strtoul function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +<b>strtoul</b> will convert a string to an unsigned long integer. An important +feature +of this function is the ability to accept data in various number bases +and convert to decimal. If +you are just working with decimal numbers, +<a href="atoi.html">atoi</a> is probably an easer function to use. +<hr> +<pre> +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: long int strtoul(const char *sptr, char **endptr, int base); + +Syntax: char string1[]="ff"; /* string to convert */ + int base=16; /* Base 16 */ + unsigned long int ans; /* Result */ + + ans = strtoul(string, NULL, 16); +</pre> + +<hr> +<h2>Notes</h2> +The first argument must not contain a + or -.<p> + +The second argument (char **endptr) seems to be a waste of space! If +it is set to NULL, STRTOL +seems to work its way down the string until it finds an invalid character +and then stops. All valid chars read are then converted if the string +starts with an invalid character the function returns ZERO (0). +<p> +The Third argument (base) can have a value of 0 or 2-32. +<ul> +<li>0 - strtol will attempt to pick the base. Only Dec, Oct Hex supported. +<li>2-31 - The base to use. +</ul> +<hr> +<h2>Examples</h2> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/strtol.c"> example program</a> (actually the strtol example, but its near enough).<p> +<hr> +<h2>See also:</h2> +<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="atoi.html">atoi</a> String to integer conversion. +<br> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="atof.html">atof</a> String to floating point conversion. +<br> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="atol.html">atol</a> String to long integer conversion. +<br> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="../MAN/strtod.htm">strtod</a> +String to double conversion. +<br> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="strtol.html">strtol</a> String to long integer +conversion. + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/system.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/system.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f508de --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/system.html @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +<title>system function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<center> +<hr> +<h1>system function</h1> +<hr> +</center> +<p> +The <b>system</b> function is used to issue a command. +Execution of your program will not continue until the command has completed. +<p> + +<pre> +Library: stdlib.h + +Prototype: int system(const char *cmd); + +Syntax: system( "cat /etc/hosts"); + +Notes: + In Unix systems, the command is passed to "/bin/sh -c" for + execution. I do not know what handles the command in DOS systems. + +</pre> +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif"align=center> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/system.c"> example program.</a> +<p> +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="popen.html">popen</a> Open a pipe. +<li><a href="pclose.html">pclose</a> Close a pipe. +</ul> +<p> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/time.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/time.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82d00f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/time.html @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +<title>time and date related functions</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>time and date related functions.</h1> +</center> +<hr> +<p> +The following information gives a taste of the date and time related functions. +It stikes me that this is overly complicated, but what do I know... +To review all the functions available in the standard library, +<a href="funcref.htm#time">click here</a>. +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre> + + Library: time.h + + Prototype: char *asctime( const struct tm *time); + char *ctime(const time_t *timer); + struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timer); + size_t strftime(char *s, + size_t maxsize, + const *format, + const struct tm *time); + + Syntax: + +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +The prototype list does NOT list all the functions that are +described in time.h - only the ones I have used and shown in the +example that follows.<p> + +<img src="../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif"> +<a href="../EXAMPLES/time.c">Example program.</a> +<p> +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href=../PROBLEMS/problems.html#yesterday>Here is a time related problem.</a> +<p> +<hr> +<h2>See also:</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href=funcref.htm#time>time.h</a> standard library. +</ul> + + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/uname.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/uname.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a3eba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/uname.html @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +<title>uname function.</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<h1>uname function.</h1> + +uname is NOT in the ANSII library but is handy for getting +system information. It will return handy things like: +<p> +System type (name).<p> +Host name (Nodename).<p> +Software release.<p> +Software date.<p> +Machine type.<p> +Domainname. <p> + +<hr> +<h2>man pages. </h2> + +<a href=../MAN/uname.htm>uname</a> +<i>man Page.</i> +<p> +<a href=../MAN/gethostname.htm>gethostname</a> +<i>man Page.</i> +<p> + +<hr> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/uname.c>Example program.</a> + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/write.html b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/write.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3957ed --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/FUNCTIONS/write.html @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +<title>write function</title> + +<head> +<script language="JavaScript"> +</script> +</head> + +<body bgcolor=#ffffcc> +<hr> +<center> +<h1>write function </h1> +</center> +<hr> +<b>write</b> +<p> +<hr> +<pre> + Library: unistd.h + sys/types.h + + Prototype: int write(int fd, char *Buff, int NumBytes); + + Syntax: int fd; + char Buff[]="V8 cars are coool"; + + write(fd, Buff, strlen(Buff)+1); + +</pre> +<hr> +<h2>Examples:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/computer.gif><a href="../EXAMPLES/pipe1.c"> pipe example</a> +program. + +<hr> +<h2>See Also:</h2> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="pipe.html">pipe</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="open.html">open</a> function.<p> + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="close.html">close</a> function.<p> + + + +<img src=../../GRAPHICS/whiteball.gif> +<a href="read.html">read</a> function.<p> + + + +<p> + +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width="80%" bgcolor="ivory"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html"> Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html"> Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html"> Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="funcref.htm"> Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> +<address>Martin Leslie +</address><p> +</body> +</html> |