diff options
| author | Tobias Klauser <tklauser@distanz.ch> | 2008-01-27 11:37:44 +0100 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Tobias Klauser <tklauser@xenon.tklauser.home> | 2008-01-27 11:37:44 +0100 |
| commit | 7e0f021a9aec35fd8e6725e87e3313b101d26f5e (patch) | |
| tree | b1cacc4b24393f517aeb4610e9e1021f954307a8 /reference/C/MAN | |
Initial import (2.0.2-6)2.0.2-6
Diffstat (limited to 'reference/C/MAN')
144 files changed, 19346 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/Makefile.am b/reference/C/MAN/Makefile.am new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28d46b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/Makefile.am @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +EXTRA_DIST = $(wildcard *.html) $(wildcard *.htm) $(wildcard *.gif) +docs_DATA = $(EXTRA_DIST) + +docsdir = $(kde_htmldir)/en/kdevelop/$(subdir) + diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/Makefile.in b/reference/C/MAN/Makefile.in new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25161e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/Makefile.in @@ -0,0 +1,410 @@ +# KDE tags expanded automatically by am_edit - $Revision: 1.2 $ +# Makefile.in generated automatically by automake 1.5 from Makefile.am. + +# Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 +# Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# This Makefile.in is free software; the Free Software Foundation +# gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, +# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved. + +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without +# even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A +# PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +@SET_MAKE@ + +SHELL = @SHELL@ + +srcdir = @srcdir@ +top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@ +VPATH = @srcdir@ +prefix = @prefix@ +exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@ + +bindir = @bindir@ +sbindir = @sbindir@ +libexecdir = @libexecdir@ +datadir = @datadir@ +sysconfdir = @sysconfdir@ +sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@ +localstatedir = @localstatedir@ +libdir = @libdir@ +infodir = @infodir@ +mandir = @mandir@ +includedir = @includedir@ +oldincludedir = /usr/include +pkgdatadir = $(datadir)/@PACKAGE@ +pkglibdir = $(libdir)/@PACKAGE@ +pkgincludedir = $(includedir)/@PACKAGE@ +top_builddir = ../../.. + +ACLOCAL = @ACLOCAL@ +AUTOCONF = @AUTOCONF@ +AUTOMAKE = @AUTOMAKE@ +AUTOHEADER = @AUTOHEADER@ + +INSTALL = @INSTALL@ +INSTALL_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_PROGRAM@ +INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@ +INSTALL_SCRIPT = @INSTALL_SCRIPT@ +INSTALL_HEADER = 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+check-am: all-am +check: check-am +all-am: Makefile $(DATA) + +installdirs: + $(mkinstalldirs) $(DESTDIR)$(docsdir) + +install: install-am +install-exec: install-exec-am +install-data: install-data-am +uninstall: uninstall-am + +install-am: all-am + @$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec-am install-data-am + +installcheck: installcheck-am +install-strip: + $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \ + `test -z '$(STRIP)' || \ + echo "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'"` install +mostlyclean-generic: + +clean-generic: + +distclean-generic: + -rm -f Makefile $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES) stamp-h stamp-h[0-9]* + +maintainer-clean-generic: + @echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use" + @echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild." +#>- clean: clean-am +#>+ 1 +clean: kde-rpo-clean clean-am + +clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool mostlyclean-am + +distclean: distclean-am + +distclean-am: clean-am distclean-generic distclean-libtool + +dvi: dvi-am + +dvi-am: + +info: info-am + +info-am: + +install-data-am: install-docsDATA + +install-exec-am: + +install-info: install-info-am + +install-man: + +installcheck-am: + +maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am + +maintainer-clean-am: distclean-am maintainer-clean-generic + +mostlyclean: mostlyclean-am + +mostlyclean-am: mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool + +uninstall-am: uninstall-docsDATA uninstall-info-am + +.PHONY: all all-am check check-am clean clean-generic clean-libtool \ + distclean distclean-generic distclean-libtool distdir dvi \ + dvi-am info info-am install install-am install-data \ + install-data-am install-docsDATA install-exec install-exec-am \ + install-info install-info-am install-man install-strip \ + installcheck installcheck-am installdirs maintainer-clean \ + maintainer-clean-generic mostlyclean mostlyclean-generic \ + mostlyclean-libtool uninstall uninstall-am uninstall-docsDATA \ + uninstall-info-am + +# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables. +# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded. +.NOEXPORT: + +#>+ 2 +docs-am: + +#>+ 6 +force-reedit: + cd $(top_srcdir) && \ + $(AUTOMAKE) --gnu reference/C/MAN/Makefile + cd $(top_srcdir) && perl admin/am_edit reference/C/MAN/Makefile.in + + +#>+ 2 +final: + $(MAKE) all-am +#>+ 2 +final-install: + $(MAKE) install-am +#>+ 2 +no-final: + $(MAKE) all-am +#>+ 2 +no-final-install: + $(MAKE) install-am +#>+ 3 +cvs-clean: + $(MAKE) -f $(top_srcdir)/admin/Makefile.common cvs-clean + +#>+ 3 +kde-rpo-clean: + -rm -f *.rpo diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/abs.htm b/reference/C/MAN/abs.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3472024 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/abs.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>abs</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>ABS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual ABS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> abs - computes the absolute value of an integer. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + int abs(int j); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The abs() function computes the absolute value of the + integer argument j. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> Returns the absolute value of the integer argument. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> Trying to take the absolute value of the most negative + integer is not defined. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=ceil.htm>ceil</a>, +<a href=floor.htm>floor</a>, +<a href=fabs.htm>fabs</a>, +<a href=labs.htmlabs</a>, +<a href=rint.htm>rint</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU June 6, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/access.htm b/reference/C/MAN/access.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71154b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/access.htm @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +<TITLE>access</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>ACCESS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual ACCESS(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> access - check user's permissions for a file + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int access(const char *pathname, int mode); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> access checks whether the process would be allowed to + read, write or test for existence of the file (or other + file system object) whose name is pathname. + + mode is a mask consisting of one or more of R_OK, W_OK, + X_OK and F_OK. + + R_OK, W_OK and X_OK request testing for reading, writing + and executing the file, respectively. F_OK requests + checking whether merely testing for the existence of the + file would be allowed (this depends on the permissions of + the directories in the path to the file, as given in path- + name.) + + The check is done with the process's real uid and gid, + rather than with the effective ids as is done when actu- + ally attempting an operation. This is to allow set-UID + programs to easily determine the invoking user's author- + ity. + + Only access bits are checked, not the file type or con- + tents. Therefore, if a directory is found to be + "writable," it probably means that files can be created in + the directory, and not that the directory can be written + as a file. Similarly, a DOS file may be found to be "exe- + cutable," but the execve(2) call will still fail. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EACCES The requested access would be denied, either to + the file itself or one of the directories in path- + name. + + EFAULT pathname points outside your accessible address + space. + + EINVAL mode was incorrectly specified. + + ENAMETOOLONG + pathname is too long. + + ENOENT A directory component in pathname would have been + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.46 21 August 1994 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>ACCESS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual ACCESS(2) +</h3> + + accessible but does not exist or was a dangling + symbolic link. + + ENOTDIR A component used as a directory in pathname is + not, in fact, a directory. + + ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available. + + ELOOP pathname contains a reference to a circular sym- + bolic link, i.e., a symbolic link containing a + reference to itself. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=stat.htm>stat</a>, +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=chmod.htm>chmod</a>, +<a href=chown.htm>chown</a>, +<a href=setuid.htm>setuid</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.46 21 August 1994 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/acos.htm b/reference/C/MAN/acos.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8dce6a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/acos.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>acos</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>ACOS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual ACOS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> acos - arc cosine function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double acos(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The acos() function calculates the arc cosine of x; that + is the value whose cosine is x. If x falls outside the + range -1 to 1, acos() fails and errno is set. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The acos() function returns the arc cosine in radians and + the value is mathematically defined to be between 0 and PI + (inclusive). + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EDOM x is out of range. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=asin.htm>asin</a>, +<a href=atan.htm>atan</a>, +<a href=atan2.htm>atan2</a>, +<a href=cos.htm>cos</a>, +<a href=sin.htm>sin</a>, +<a href=tan.htm>tan</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 8, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/alarm.htm b/reference/C/MAN/alarm.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1400610 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/alarm.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>alarm</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>ALARM(2) Linux Programmer's Manual ALARM(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> alarm - set an alarm clock for delivery of a signal + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + long alarm(long seconds); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> alarm arranges for a SIGALRM signal to be delivered to the + process in seconds seconds. + + If seconds is zero, no new alarm is scheduled. + + In any event any previously set alarm is cancelled. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> alarm returns the number of seconds remaining until any + previously scheduled alarm was due to be delivered, or + zero if there was no previously scheduled alarm. + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> alarm and setitimer share the same timer; calls to one + will interfere with use of the other. + + Scheduling delays can, as ever, cause the execution of the + process to be delayed by an arbitrary amount of time. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=setitimer.htm>setitimer</a>, +<a href=signal.htm>signal</a>, +<a href=sigaction.htm>sigaction</a>, +<a href=gettimeofday.htm>gettimeofday</a>, +<a href=select.htm>select</a>, +<a href=pause.htm>pause</a>, +<a href=sleep.htm>sleep</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 21 July 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/asctime.htm b/reference/C/MAN/asctime.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d40f4cb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/asctime.htm @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ +<TITLE>asctime</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>CTIME(3) Linux Programmer's Manual CTIME(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> asctime, ctime, gmtime, localtime, mktime - transform + binary date and time to ASCII + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <time.h> + + char *asctime(const struct tm *timeptr); + + char *ctime(const time_t *timep); + + struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *timep); + + struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timep); + + time_t mktime(struct tm *timeptr); + + extern char *tzname[2]; + long int timezone; + extern int daylight; + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The ctime(), gmtime() and localtime() functions all take + an argument of data type time_t which represents calendar + time. When interpreted as an absolute time value, it rep- + resents the number of seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 on + January 1, 1970, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). + + The asctime() and mktime() functions both take an argument + representing broken-down time which is a binary represen- + tation separated into year, month, day, etc. Broken-down + time is stored in the structure tm which is defined in + <time.h> as follows: + + struct tm + { + int tm_sec; /* seconds */ + int tm_min; /* minutes */ + int tm_hour; /* hours */ + int tm_mday; /* day of the month */ + int tm_mon; /* month */ + int tm_year; /* year */ + int tm_wday; /* day of the week */ + int tm_yday; /* day in the year */ + int tm_isdst; /* daylight saving time */ + }; + + The members of the tm structure are: + + tm_sec The number of seconds after the minute, normally in + the range 0 to 59, but can be up to 61 to allow for + leap seconds. + + tm_min The number of minutes after the hour, in the range + + + +<h3>BSD June 30, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>CTIME(3) Linux Programmer's Manual CTIME(3) +</h3> + + 0 to 59. + + tm_hour + The number of hours past midnight, in the range 0 + to 23. + + tm_mday + The day of the month, in the range 1 to 31. + + tm_mon The number of months since January, in the range 0 + to 11. + + tm_year + The number of years since 1900. + + tm_wday + The number of days since Sunday, in the range 0 to + 6. + + tm_yday + The number of days since January 1, in the range 0 + to 365. + + tm_isdst + A flag that indicates whether daylight saving time + is in effect at the time described. The value is + positive if daylight saving time is in effect, zero + if it is not, and negative if the information is + not available. + + The ctime() function converts the calendar time timep into + a string of the form + + "Wed Jun 30 21:49:08 1993\n" + + The abbreviations for the days of the week are `Sun', + `Mon', `Tue', `Wed', `Thu', `Fri', and `Sat'. The abbre- + viations for the months are `Jan', `Feb', `Mar', `Apr', + `May', `Jun', `Jul', `Aug', `Sep', `Oct', `Nov', and + `Dec'. The return value points to a statically allocated + string which might be overwritten by subsequent calls to + any of the date and time functions. The function also + sets the external variable tzname with information about + the current time zone. + + The gmtime() function converts the calendar time timep to + broken-down time representation, expressed in Coordinated + Universal Time (UTC). + + The localtime() function converts the calendar time timep + to broken-time representation, expressed relative to the + user's specified time zone. The function sets the + external variables tzname with information about the cur- + rent time zone, timezone with the difference between + + + +<h3>BSD June 30, 1993 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>CTIME(3) Linux Programmer's Manual CTIME(3) +</h3> + + Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and local standard time + in seconds, and daylight to a non-zero value if standard + US daylight savings time rules apply. + + The asctime() function converts the broken-down time value + timeptr into a string with the same format as ctime(). + The return value points to a statically allocated string + which might be overwritten by subsequent calls to any of + the date and time functions. + + The mktime() function converts a broken-down time struc- + ture to calendar time representation. The function + ignores the specified contents of the structure members + tm_wday and tm_yday and recomputes them from the other + information in the broken-down time structure. Calling + mktime() also sets the external variable tzname with + information about the current time zone. If the specified + broken-down time cannot be represented as calendar time, + mktime() returns a value of (time_t)(-1) and does not + alter the tm_wday and tm_yday members of the broken-down + time structure. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=date.htm>date</a>, +<a href=gettimeofday.htm>gettimeofday</a>, +<a href=time.htm>time</a>, +<a href=tzset.htm>tzset</a>, +<a href=difftime.htm>difftime</a>, +<a href=strftime.htm>strftime</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD June 30, 1993 3 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/asin.htm b/reference/C/MAN/asin.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b742beb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/asin.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>asin</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>ASIN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual ASIN(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> asin - arc sine function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double asin(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The asin() function calculates the arc sine of x; that is + the value whose sine is x. If x falls outside the range + -1 to 1, asin() fails and errno is set. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The asin() function returns the arc sine in radians and + the value is mathematically defined to be between -PI/2 + and PI/2 (inclusive). + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EDOM x is out of range. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=acos.htm>acos</a>, +<a href=atan.htm>atan</a>, +<a href=atan2.htm>atan2</a>, +<a href=cos.htm>cos</a>, +<a href=sin.htm>sin</a>, +<a href=tan.htm>tan</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 8, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/assert.htm b/reference/C/MAN/assert.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5656d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/assert.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>assert</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>ASSERT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual ASSERT(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> assert - Abort the program if assertion is false. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <assert.h> + + void assert (int expression); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> assert() prints an error message to standard output and + terminates the program by calling abort() if expression is + false (i.e., compares equal to zero). This only happens + when the macro NDEBUG is undefined. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> No value is returned. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI - C + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> assert() is implemented as a macro; if the expression + tested has side - effects, program behaviour will be dif- + ferent depending on whether NDEBUG is defined. This may + create Heisenbugs which go away when debugging is turned + on. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=exit.htm>exit</a>, +<a href=abort.htm>abort</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/atan.htm b/reference/C/MAN/atan.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c4509a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/atan.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>atan</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>ATAN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual ATAN(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> atan - arc tangent function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double atan(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The atan() function calculates the arc tangent of x; that + is the value whose tangent is x. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The atan() function returns the arc tangent in radians and + the value is mathematically defined to be between -PI/2 + and PI/2 (inclusive). + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=acos.htm>acos</a>, +<a href=asin.htm>asin</a>, +<a href=atan2.htm>atan2</a>, +<a href=cos.htm>cos</a>, +<a href=sin.htm>sin</a>, +<a href=tan.htm>tan</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 8, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/atan2.htm b/reference/C/MAN/atan2.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5910e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/atan2.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>atan2</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>ATAN2(3) Linux Programmer's Manual ATAN2(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> atan2 - arc tangent function of two variables + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double atan2(double y, double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The atan2() function calculates the arc tangent of the two + variables x and y. It is similar to calculating the arc + tangent of y / x, except that the signs of both arguments + are used to determine the quadrant of the result. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The atan2() function returns the result in radians, which + is between -PI and PI (inclusive). + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=acos.htm>acos</a>, +<a href=asin.htm>asin</a>, +<a href=atan.htm>atan</a>, +<a href=cos.htm>cos</a>, +<a href=sin.htm>sin</a>, +<a href=tan.htm>tan</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 8, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/calloc.htm b/reference/C/MAN/calloc.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fadf4e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/calloc.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>calloc</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MALLOC(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MALLOC(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> calloc, malloc, free, realloc - Allocate and free dynamic + memory + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + void *calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size); + void *malloc(size_t size); + void free(void *ptr); + void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> calloc() allocates memory for an array of nmemb elements + of size bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated + memory. The memory is set to zero. + + malloc() allocates size bytes and returns a pointer to the + allocated memory. The memory is not cleared. + + free() frees the memory space pointed to by ptr, which + must have been returned by a previous call to malloc(), + calloc() or realloc(). If ptr is NULL, no operation is + performed. + + realloc() changes the size of the memory block pointed to + by ptr to size bytes. The contents will be unchanged to + the minimum of the old an new sizes; newly allocated mem- + ory will be uninitialized. If ptr is NULL, the call is + equivalent to malloc(size); if size is equal to zero, the + call is equivalent to free(ptr). Unless ptr is NULL, it + must have been returned by an earlier call to malloc(), + calloc() or realloc(). + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> For calloc() and malloc(), the value returned is a pointer + to the allocated memory, which is suitably aligned for any + kind of variable, or NULL if the request fails. + + free() returns no value. + + realloc() returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, + which is suitably aligned for any kind of variable and may + be different from ptr, or NULL if the request fails or if + size was equal to 0. If realloc() fails the original + block is left untouched - it is not freed or moved. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI - C + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=brk.htm>brk</a>, +<pre> + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/ceil.htm b/reference/C/MAN/ceil.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa474c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/ceil.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>ceil</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>CEIL(3) Linux Programmer's Manual CEIL(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> ceil - smallest integral value not less than x + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double ceil (double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The ceil() function rounds x upwards to the nearest inte- + ger, returning that value as a double. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=abs.htm>abs</a>, +<a href=fabs.htm>fabs</a>, +<a href=floor.htm>floor</a>, +<a href=labs.htmlabs</a>, +<a href=rint.htm>rint</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 6, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/chdir.htm b/reference/C/MAN/chdir.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da59d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/chdir.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>chdir</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>CHDIR(2) Linux Programmer's Manual CHDIR(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> chdir, fchdir - change working directory + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int chdir(const char *path); + int fchdir(int fd); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> chdir changes the current directory to that specified in + path. + + fchdir is identical to chdir, only that the directory is + given as an open file descriptor. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> Depending on the file system, other errors can be + returned. The more general errors are listed below: + + + EPERM The process does not have execute permission on + the directory. + + EFAULT path points outside your accessible address space. + + ENAMETOOLONG + path is too long. + + EBADF The fd is not a valid file descriptor. + + ENOENT The file does not exist. + + ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available. + + ENOTDIR A component of the path prefix is not a directory. + + EACCES Search permission is denied on a component of the + path prefix. + + ELOOP path contains a circular reference (i.e., via a + symbolic link) + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getcwd.htm>getcwd</a>, +<a href=chroot.htm>chroot</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.2.4 15 April 1995 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/chown.htm b/reference/C/MAN/chown.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51106de --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/chown.htm @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +<TITLE>chown</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>CHOWN(1L) CHOWN(1L) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> chown - change the user and group ownership of files + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> chown [-Rcfv] [--recursive] [--changes] [--help] [--ver- + sion] [--silent] [--quiet] [--verbose] [user][:.][group] + file... + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> This manual page documents the GNU version of chown. + chown changes the user and/or group ownership of each + given file, according to its first non-option argument, + which is interpreted as follows. If only a user name (or + numeric user ID) is given, that user is made the owner of + each given file, and the files' group is not changed. If + the user name is followed by a colon or dot and a group + name (or numeric group ID), with no spaces between them, + the group ownership of the files is changed as well. If a + colon or dot but no group name follows the user name, that + user is made the owner of the files and the group of the + files is changed to that user's login group. If the colon + or dot and group are given, but the user name is omitted, + only the group of the files is changed; in this case, + chown performs the same function as chgrp. + + OPTIONS + -c, --changes + Verbosely describe only files whose ownership actu- + ally changes. + + -f, --silent, --quiet + Do not print error messages about files whose own- + ership cannot be changed. + + -v, --verbose + Verbosely describe ownership changes. + + -R, --recursive + Recursively change ownership of directories and + their contents. + + --help Print a usage message on standard output and exit + successfully. + + --version + Print version information on standard output then + exit successfully. + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>FSF GNU File Utilities 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/chroot.htm b/reference/C/MAN/chroot.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0863dbb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/chroot.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>chroot</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>CHROOT(2) Linux Programmer's Manual CHROOT(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> chroot - change root directory + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int chroot(const char *path); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> chroot changes the root directory to that specified in + path. This directory will be used for path name beginning + with /. The root directory is inherited by all children + of the current process. + + Only the super-user may change the root directory. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> Depending on the file system, other errors can be + returned. The more general errors are listed below: + + + EPERM The effective UID does not match the owner of the + file, and is not zero; or the owner or group were + specified incorrectly. + + EROFS The named file resides on a read-only file system. + + EFAULT path points outside your accessible address space. + + ENAMETOOLONG + path is too long. + + ENOENT The file does not exist. + + ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available. + + ENOTDIR A component of the path prefix is not a directory. + + EACCES Search permission is denied on a component of the + path prefix. + + ELOOP path contains a circular reference (i.e., via a + symbolic link) + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=chdir.htm>chdir</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.46 21 August 1994 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/clock.htm b/reference/C/MAN/clock.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd844a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/clock.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>clock</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>CLOCK(3) Linux Programmer's Manual CLOCK(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> clock - Determine processor time + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <time.h> + + clock_t clock(void); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The clock() function returns an approximation of processor + time used by the program. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The value returned is the CPU time used so far as a + clock_t; to get the number of seconds used, divide by + CLOCKS_PER_SEC. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI C + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> The C standard allows for arbitrary values at the start of + the program; take the difference between the value + returned from a call to clock() at the start of the pro- + gram and the end to get maximum portability. + + The times() function call returns more information. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=times.htm>times</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 21, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/close.htm b/reference/C/MAN/close.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2164bc --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/close.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>close</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>CLOSE(2) Linux Programmer's Manual CLOSE(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> close - close a file descriptor + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int close(int fd); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> close closes a file descriptor, so that it no longer + refers to any file and may be reused. + + If fd is the last copy of a particular file descriptor the + resources associated with it are freed; for example any + locks held are removed and if the descriptor was the last + reference to a file which has been removed using unlink + the file is deleted. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> close returns zero on success, or -1 if an error occurred. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF fd isn't a valid open file descriptor. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3 + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> Not checking the return value of close is a common but + nevertheless serious programming error. File system + implementations which use techniques as ``write-behind'' + to increase performance may lead to write(2) succeeding, + although the data has not been written yet. The error + status may be reported at a later write operation, but it + is guaranteed to be reported on closing the file. Not + checking the return value when closing the file may lead + to silent loss of data. This can especially be observed + with NFS and disk quotas. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/open.html>open</a>, +<a href=fcntl.htm>fcntl</a>, +<a href=shutdown.htm>shutdown</a>, +<a href=unlink.htm>unlink</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + February 18, 1995 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/closedir.htm b/reference/C/MAN/closedir.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81de2de --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/closedir.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>closedir</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>CLOSEDIR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual CLOSEDIR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> closedir - close a directory + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <sys/types.h> + + #include <dirent.h> + + int closedir(DIR *dir); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The closedir() function closes the directory stream asso- + ciated with dir. The directory stream descriptor dir is + not available after this call. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The closedir() function returns 0 on success or -1 on + failure. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF Invalid directory stream descriptor dir. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=close.htm>close</a>, +<a href=opendir.htm>opendir</a>, +<a href=readdir.htm>readdir</a>, +<a href=rewinddir.htm>rewinddir</a>, +<a href=seekdir.htm>seekdir</a>, +<a href=telldir.htm>telldir</a>, +<a href=scandir.htm>scandir</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 11 June 1995 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/cos.htm b/reference/C/MAN/cos.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d815245 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/cos.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>cos</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>COS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual COS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> cos - cosine function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double cos(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The cos() function returns the cosine of x, where x is + given in radians. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The cos() function returns a value between -1 and 1. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=acos.htm>acos</a>, +<a href=asin.htm>asin</a>, +<a href=atan.htm>atan</a>, +<a href=atan2.htm>atan2</a>, +<a href=sin.htm>sin</a>, +<a href=tan.htm>tan</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 8, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/cosh.htm b/reference/C/MAN/cosh.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efc0b4a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/cosh.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>cosh</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>COSH(3) Linux Programmer's Manual COSH(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> cosh - hyperbolic cosine function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double cosh(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The cosh() function returns the hyperbolic cosine of x, + which is defined mathematically as exp(x) + exp(-x) / 2. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=acosh.htm>acosh</a>, +<a href=asinh.htm>asinh</a>, +<a href=atanh.htm>atanh</a>, +<a href=sinh.htm>sinh</a>, +<a href=tanh.htm>tanh</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 13, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/ctermid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/ctermid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d852127 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/ctermid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>ctermid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>CTERMID(3) Linux Programmer's Manual CTERMID(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> ctermid - get controlling terminal name + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + char *ctermid(char *s); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> ctermid() returns a string which is the pathname for the + current controlling terminal for this process. If s is + NULL, a static buffer is used, otherwise s points to a + buffer used to hold the terminal pathname. The symbolic + constant L_ctermid is the maximum number of characters in + the returned pathname. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The pointer to the pathname. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> POSIX.1 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> The path returned may not uniquely identify the control- + ling terminal; it may, for example, be /dev/tty. + + It is not assured that the program can open the terminal. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=ttyname.htm>ttyname</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 6, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/cuserid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/cuserid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c398287 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/cuserid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +<TITLE>cuserid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> +</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/difftime.htm b/reference/C/MAN/difftime.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e067c9c --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/difftime.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>difftime</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>DIFFTIME(3) Linux Programmer's Manual DIFFTIME(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> difftime - calculate time difference + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <time.h> + + double difftime(time_t time1, time_t time0); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The difftime() function returns the number of seconds + elapsed between time time1 and time time0. The two times + are specified in calendar time, which represents the time + elapsed since 00:00:00 on January 1, 1970, Coordinated + Universal Time (UTC). + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=date.htm>date</a>, +<a href=gettimeofday.htm>gettimeofday</a>, +<a href=time.htm>time</a>, +<a href=ctime.htm>ctime</a>, +<a href=gmtime.htm>gmtime</a>, +<a href=localtime.htmlocaltime</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU July 2, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/div.htm b/reference/C/MAN/div.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff3b170 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/div.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>div</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>DIV(3) Linux Programmer's Manual DIV(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> div - computes the quotient and remainder of integer divi- + sion + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + div_t div(int numer, int denom); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The div() function computes the value numer/denom and + returns the quotient and remainder in a structure named + div_t that contains two integer members named quot and + rem. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The div_t structure. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=ldiv.htmldiv</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 6, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/dup.htm b/reference/C/MAN/dup.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ade0c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/dup.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>dup</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>DUP(2) Linux Programmer's Manual DUP(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> dup, dup2 - duplicate a file descriptor + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int dup(int oldfd); + int dup2(int oldfd, int newfd); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> dup and dup2 create a copy of the file descriptor oldfd. + + The old and new descriptors may be used interchangeably. + They share locks, file position pointers and flags; for + example, if the file position is modified by using lseek + on one of the descriptors, the position is also changed + for the other. + + The two descriptors do not share the close-on-exec flag, + however. + + dup uses the lowest-numbered unused descriptor for the new + descriptor. + + dup2 makes newfd be the copy of oldfd, closing newfd first + if necessary. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> dup and dup2 return the new descriptor, or -1 if an error + occurred (in which case, errno is set appropriately). + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF oldfd isn't an open file descriptor, or newfd is + out of the allowed range for file descriptors. + + EMFILE The process already has the maximum number of file + descriptors open and tried to open a new one. + +<h3>WARNING +</h3> The error returned by dup2 is different to that returned + by fcntl(...,F_DUPFD,...) when newfd is out of range. On + some systems dup2 also sometimes returns EINVAL like + F_DUPFD. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=fcntl.htm>fcntl</a>, +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.46 21 August 1994 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/dup2.htm b/reference/C/MAN/dup2.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74e702f --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/dup2.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>dup2</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>DUP(2) Linux Programmer's Manual DUP(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> dup, dup2 - duplicate a file descriptor + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int dup(int oldfd); + int dup2(int oldfd, int newfd); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> dup and dup2 create a copy of the file descriptor oldfd. + + The old and new descriptors may be used interchangeably. + They share locks, file position pointers and flags; for + example, if the file position is modified by using lseek + on one of the descriptors, the position is also changed + for the other. + + The two descriptors do not share the close-on-exec flag, + however. + + dup uses the lowest-numbered unused descriptor for the new + descriptor. + + dup2 makes newfd be the copy of oldfd, closing newfd first + if necessary. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> dup and dup2 return the new descriptor, or -1 if an error + occurred (in which case, errno is set appropriately). + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF oldfd isn't an open file descriptor, or newfd is + out of the allowed range for file descriptors. + + EMFILE The process already has the maximum number of file + descriptors open and tried to open a new one. + +<h3>WARNING +</h3> The error returned by dup2 is different to that returned + by fcntl(...,F_DUPFD,...) when newfd is out of range. On + some systems dup2 also sometimes returns EINVAL like + F_DUPFD. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=fcntl.htm>fcntl</a>, +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.46 21 August 1994 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/exp.htm b/reference/C/MAN/exp.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b9cc1a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/exp.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>exp</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>EXP(3) Linux Programmer's Manual EXP(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> exp, log, log10, pow - exponential, logarithmic and power + functions + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double exp(double x); + + double log(double x); + + double log10(double x); + + double pow(double x, double y); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The exp() function returns the value of e (the base of + natural logarithms) raised to the power of x. + + The log() function returns the natural logarithm of x. + + The log10() function returns the base-10 logarithm of x. + + The pow() function returns the value of x raised to the + power of y. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> The log() and log10() functions can return the following + errors: + + EDOM The argument x is negative. + + ERANGE The argument x is zero. The log of zero is not + defined. + + The pow() function can return the following error: + + EDOM The argument x is negative and y is not an integral + value. This would result in a complex number. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=sqrt.htm>sqrt</a>, +<a href=cbrt.htm>cbrt</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU June 16, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href="../cref.html">Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href="../master_index.html">Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href="../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fabs.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fabs.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1950e78 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fabs.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>fabs</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FABS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FABS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fabs - absolute value of floating-point number + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double fabs(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The fabs() function returns the absolute value of the + floating-point number x. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=abs.htm>abs</a>, +<a href=ceil.htm>ceil</a>, +<a href=floor.htm>floor</a>, +<a href=labs.htmlabs</a>, +<a href=rint.htm>rint</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 25, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/feof.htm b/reference/C/MAN/feof.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e28f6f --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/feof.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>feof</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FEOF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FEOF(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> clearerr, feof, ferror, fileno - check and reset stream + status + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + void clearerr( FILE *stream); + int feof( FILE *stream); + int ferror( FILE *stream); + int fileno( FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The function clearerr clears the end-of-file and error + indicators for the stream pointed to by stream. + + The function feof tests the end-of-file indicator for the + stream pointed to by stream, returning non-zero if it is + set. The end-of-file indicator can only be cleared by the + function clearerr. + + The function ferror tests the error indicator for the + stream pointed to by stream, returning non-zero if it is + set. The error indicator can only be reset by the clear- + err function. + + The function fileno examines the argument stream and + returns its integer descriptor. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> These functions should not fail and do not set the exter- + nal variable errno. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=stdio.htm>stdio</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The functions clearerr, feof, and ferror conform to + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C''). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/ferror.htm b/reference/C/MAN/ferror.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0defdd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/ferror.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>ferror</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FERROR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FERROR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> clearerr, feof, ferror, fileno - check and reset stream + status + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + void clearerr( FILE *stream); + int feof( FILE *stream); + int ferror( FILE *stream); + int fileno( FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The function clearerr clears the end-of-file and error + indicators for the stream pointed to by stream. + + The function feof tests the end-of-file indicator for the + stream pointed to by stream, returning non-zero if it is + set. The end-of-file indicator can only be cleared by the + function clearerr. + + The function ferror tests the error indicator for the + stream pointed to by stream, returning non-zero if it is + set. The error indicator can only be reset by the clear- + err function. + + The function fileno examines the argument stream and + returns its integer descriptor. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> These functions should not fail and do not set the exter- + nal variable errno. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=stdio.htm>stdio</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The functions clearerr, feof, and ferror conform to + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C''). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fflush.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fflush.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fae4396 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fflush.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>fflush</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FFLUSH(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FFLUSH(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fflush, fpurge - flush a stream + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int fflush( FILE *stream); + int fpurge( FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The function fflush forces a write of all buffered data + for the given output or update stream via the stream's + underlying write function. The open status of the stream + is unaffected. + + If the stream argument is NULL, fflush flushes all open + output streams. (Does this happen under Linux) + + The function fpurge erases any input or output buffered in + the given stream. For output streams this discards any + unwritten output. For input streams this discards any + input read from the underlying object but not yet obtained + via getc(3); this includes any text pushed back via + ungetc. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> Upon successful completion 0 is returned. Otherwise, EOF + is returned and the global variable errno is set to indi- + cate the error. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF Stream is not an open stream, or, in the case of + fflush, not a stream open for writing. + + The function fflush may also fail and set errno for any of + the errors specified for the routine write(2). + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Linux may not support fpurge. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=write.htm>write</a>, +<a href=fopen.htm>fopen</a>, +<a href=fclose.htm>fclose</a>, +<a href=setbuf.htm>setbuf</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The fflush function conforms to ANSI C3.159-1989 (``ANSI + C''). + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fgetpos.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fgetpos.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd76134 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fgetpos.htm @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +<TITLE>fgetpos</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FSEEK(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FSEEK(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fgetpos, fseek, fsetpos, ftell, rewind - reposition a + stream + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int fseek( FILE *stream, long offset, int whence); + long ftell( FILE *stream); + void rewind( FILE *stream); + int fgetpos( FILE *stream, fpos_t *pos); + int fsetpos( FILE *stream, fpos_t *pos); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The fseek function sets the file position indicator for + the stream pointed to by stream. The new position, mea- + sured in bytes, is obtained by adding offset bytes to the + position specified by whence. If whence is set to + SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, or SEEK_END, the offset is relative to + the start of the file, the current position indicator, or + end-of-file, respectively. A successful call to the fseek + function clears the end-of-file indicator for the stream + and undoes any effects of the ungetc(3) function on the + same stream. + + The ftell function obtains the current value of the file + position indicator for the stream pointed to by stream. + + The rewind function sets the file position indicator for + the stream pointed to by stream to the beginning of the + file. It is equivalent to: + + (void)fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_SET) + + except that the error indicator for the stream is also + cleared (see clearerr(3). + + The fgetpos and fsetpos functions are alternate interfaces + equivalent to ftell and fseek (with whence set to + SEEK_SET), setting and storing the current value of the + file offset into or from the object referenced by pos. On + some non-UNIX systems an fpos_t object may be a complex + object and these routines may be the only way to portably + reposition a text stream. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> The rewind function returns no value. Upon successful + completion, fgetpos, fseek, fsetpos return 0, and ftell + returns the current offset. Otherwise, -1 is returned and + the global variable errno is set to indicate the error. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF The stream specified is not a seekable stream. + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>FSEEK(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FSEEK(3) +</h3> + + EINVAL The whence argument to fseek was not SEEK_SET, + SEEK_END, or SEEK_CUR. + + The function fgetpos, fseek, fsetpos, and ftell may also + fail and set errno for any of the errors specified for the + routines fflush(3), fstat(2), lseek(2), and malloc(3). + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=lseek.htm>lseek</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The fgetpos, fsetpos, fseek, ftell, and rewind functions + conform to ANSI C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C''). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fgetpwent.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fgetpwent.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07e11bb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fgetpwent.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>fgetpwent</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FGETPWENT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FGETPWENT(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fgetpwent - get password file entry + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <pwd.h> + #include <stdio.h> + #include <sys/types.h> + + struct passwd *fgetpwent(FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The fgetpwent() function returns a pointer to a structure + containing the broken out fields of a line in the file + stream. The first time it is called it returns the first + entry; thereafter, it returns successive entries. The + file stream must have the same format as /etc/passwd. + + The passwd structure is defined in <pwd.h> as follows: + + struct passwd { + char *pw_name; /* user name */ + char *pw_passwd; /* user password */ + uid_t pw_uid; /* user id */ + gid_t pw_gid; /* group id */ + char *pw_gecos; /* real name */ + char *pw_dir; /* home directory */ + char *pw_shell; /* shell program */ + }; + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The fgetpwent() function returns the passwd structure, or + NULL if there are no more entries or an error occurs. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> ENOMEM Insufficient memory to allocate passwd structure. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getpwnam.htm>getpwnam</a>, +<a href=getpwnam.htm>getpwuid</a>, +<a href=getpwent.htm>getpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwent.htm>setpwent</a>, +<a href=getpw.htm>getpw</a>, +<a href=putpwent.htm>putpwent</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 9, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/floor.htm b/reference/C/MAN/floor.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2f4d79 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/floor.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>floor</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FLOOR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FLOOR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> floor - largest integral value not greater than x + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double floor(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The floor() function rounds x downwards to the nearest + integer, returning that value as a double. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=abs.htm>abs</a>, +<a href=fabs.htm>fabs</a>, +<a href=ceil.htm>ceil</a>, +<a href=rint.htm>rint</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 6, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fmod.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fmod.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f32aa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fmod.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>fmod</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FMOD(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FMOD(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fmod - floating-point remainder function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double fmod(double x, double y); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The modf() function computes the remainder of dividing x + by y. The return value is x - n * y, where n is the quo- + tient of x / y, rounded towards zero to an integer. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The fmod() function returns the remainder, unless y is + zero, when the function fails and errno is set. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EDOM The denominator y is zero. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=drem.htm>drem</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 6, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fopen.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fopen.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e39942 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fopen.htm @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +<TITLE>fopen</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FOPEN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FOPEN(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fopen, fdopen, freopen - stream open functions + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + FILE *fopen( char *path, char *mode); + FILE *fdopen( int fildes, char *mode); + FILE *freopen( char *path, char *mode, FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The fopen function opens the file whose name is the string + pointed to by path and associates a stream with it. + + The argument mode points to a string beginning with one of + the following sequences (Additional characters may follow + these sequences.): + + r Open text file for reading. The stream is posi- + tioned at the beginning of the file. + + r+ Open for reading and writing. The stream is posi- + tioned at the beginning of the file. + + w Truncate file to zero length or create text file + for writing. The stream is positioned at the + beginning of the file. + + w+ Open for reading and writing. The file is created + if it does not exist, otherwise it is truncated. + The stream is positioned at the beginning of the + file. + + a Open for writing. The file is created if it does + not exist. The stream is positioned at the end of + the file. + + a+ Open for reading and writing. The file is created + if it does not exist. The stream is positioned at + the end of the file. + + The mode string can also include the letter ``b'' either + as a third character or as a character between the charac- + ters in any of the two-character strings described above. + This is strictly for compatibility with ANSI C3.159-1989 + (``ANSI C'') and has no effect; the ``b'' is ignored. + Linux may not behave this way. + + Any created files will have mode + S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP|S_IROTH|S_IWOTH (0666), as + modified by the process' umask value (see umask(2). + + Reads and writes may be intermixed on read/write streams + in any order, and do not require an intermediate seek as + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>FOPEN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FOPEN(3) +</h3> + + in previous versions of stdio. This is not portable to + other systems, however, and may not work under Linux + (someone should find out and fix this manpage); ANSI C + requires that a file positioning function intervene + between output and input, unless an input operation + encounters end-of-file. + + The fdopen function associates a stream with the existing + file descriptor, fildes. The mode of the stream must be + compatible with the mode of the file descriptor. + + The freopen function opens the file whose name is the + string pointed to by path and associates the stream + pointed to by stream with it. The original stream (if it + exists) is closed. The mode argument is used just as in + the fopen function. The primary use of the freopen func- + tion is to change the file associated with a standard text + stream (stderr, stdin, or stdout). + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> Upon successful completion fopen, fdopen and freopen + return a FILE pointer. Otherwise, NULL is returned and + the global variable errno is set to indicate the error. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EINVAL The mode provided to fopen, fdopen, or freopen was + invalid. + + The fopen, fdopen and freopen functions may also fail and + set errno for any of the errors specified for the routine + malloc(3). + + The fopen function may also fail and set errno for any of + the errors specified for the routine open(2). + + The fdopen function may also fail and set errno for any of + the errors specified for the routine fcntl(2). + + The freopen function may also fail and set errno for any + of the errors specified for the routines open(2), + fclose(3) and fflush(3). + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=fclose.htm>fclose</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The fopen and freopen functions conform to ANSI + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C''). The fdopen function conforms to + IEEE Std1003.1-1988 (``POSIX''). + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fpathconf.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fpathconf.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c10bda2 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fpathconf.htm @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +<TITLE>pathconf</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FPATHCONF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FPATHCONF(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fpathconf, pathconf - get configuration values for files + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + long fpathconf(int filedes, int name); + long pathconf(char *path, int name); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> fpathconf() gets a value for the configuration option name + for the open file descriptor filedes. + + pathconf() gets a value for configuration option name for + the file name path. + + The corresponding macros defined in <unistd.h> minimum + values; if an application wants to take advantage of val- + ues which may change, a call to fpathconf() or pathconf() + can be made, which may yield more liberal results. + + Setting name equal to one of the following constants + returns the following configuration options: + + _PC_LINK_MAX + returns the maximum number of links to the file. + If filedes or path refer to a directory, then the + value applies to the whole directory. The corre- + sponding macro is _POSIX_LINK_MAX. + + _PC_MAX_CANON + returns the maximum length of a formatted input + line, where filedes or path must refer to a termi- + nal. The corresponding macro is _POSIX_MAX_CANON. + + _PC_MAX_INPUT + returns the maximum length of an input line, where + filedes or path must refer to a terminal. The cor- + responding macro is _POSIX_MAX_INPUT. + + _PC_NAME_MAX + returns the maximum length of a filename in the + directory path or filedes. the process is allowed + to create. _POSIX_MAX_. + + _PC_PATH_MAX + returns the maximum length of a relative pathname + when path or filedes is the current working direc- + tory. The corresponding macro is _POSIX_PATH_MAX. + + _PC_PIPE_BUF + returns the size of the pipe buffer, where filedes + must refer to a pipe or FIFO and path must refer to + a FIFO. The corresponding macro is _POSIX_PIPE_BUF. + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>FPATHCONF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FPATHCONF(3) +</h3> + + _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED + returns nonzero if the chown(2) call may not be + used on this file. If filedes or path refer to a + directory, then this applies to all files in that + directory. The corresponding macro is + _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED. + + _PC_NO_TRUNC + returns nonzero if accessing filenames longer than + _POSIX_NAME_MAX generates an error. The corre- + sponding macro is _POSIX_NO_TRUNC. + + _PC_VDISABLE + returns nonzero if special character processing can + be disabled, where filedes or path must refer to a + terminal. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The limit is returned, if one exists. If the system does + not have a limit for the requested resource, -1 is + returned, and errno is unchanged. If there is an error, + -1 is returned, and errno is set to reflect the nature of + the error. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> POSIX.1 Files with name lengths longer than the value + returned for name equal to _PC_NAME_MAX may exist in the + given directory. + + Some returned values may be huge; they are not suitable + for allocating memory. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getconf.htm>getconf</a>, +<a href=statfs.htm>statfs</a>, +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=sysconf.htm>sysconf</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fputs.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fputs.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bf47d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fputs.htm @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +<TITLE>fputs</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>PUTS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PUTS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fputc, fputs, putc, putchar, puts - output of characters + and strings + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int fputc(int c, FILE *stream); + int fputs(const char *s, FILE *stream); + int putc(int c, FILE *stream); + int putchar(int c); + int puts(char *s); + int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> fputc() writes the character c, cast to an unsigned char, + to stream. + + fputs() writes the string s to stream, without its trail- + ing '\0'. + + putc() is equivalent to fputc() except that it may be + implemented as a macro which evaluates stream more than + once. + + putchar(c); is equivalent to putc(c,stdout). + + puts() writes the string s and a trailing newline to std- + out. + + Calls to the functions described here can be mixed with + each other and with calls to other output functions from + the stdio library for the same output stream. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> fputc(), putc() and putchar() return the character written + as an unsigned char cast to an int or EOF on error. + + puts() and fputs() return a non - negative number on suc- + cess, or EOF on error. + + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI - C, POSIX.1 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> It is not advisable to mix calls to output functions from + the stdio library with low - level calls to write() for + the file descriptor associated with the same output + stream; the results will be undefined and very probably + not what you want. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=write.htm>write</a>, +<a href=fopen.htm>fopen</a>, +<a href=fwrite.htm>fwrite</a>, +<a href=scanf.htm>scanf</a>, +<a href=gets.htm>gets</a>, +<pre> + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PUTS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PUTS(3) +</h3> + + fseek(3), ferror(3) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fread.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fread.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d1808a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fread.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>fread</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FREAD(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FREAD(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fread, fwrite - binary stream input/output + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int fread( void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE + *stream); + + int fwrite( void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE + *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The function fread reads nmemb elements of data, each size + bytes long, from the stream pointed to by stream, storing + them at the location given by ptr. + + The function fwrite writes nmemb elements of data, each + size bytes long, to the stream pointed to by stream, + obtaining them from the location given by ptr. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> fread and fwrite return the number of items successfully + read or written (i.e., not the number of characters). If + an error occurs, or the end-of-file is reached, the return + value is a short item count (or zero). + + fread does not distinguish between end-of-file and error, + and callers must use feof(3) and ferror(3) to determine + which occurred. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=feof.htm>feof</a>, +<a href=ferror.htm>ferror</a>, +<a href=read.htm>read</a>, +<a href=write.htm>write</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The functions fread and fwrite conform to ANSI C3.159-1989 + (``ANSI C''). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 20 April 1995 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/freopen.htm b/reference/C/MAN/freopen.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..90133d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/freopen.htm @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +<TITLE>freopen</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FOPEN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FOPEN(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fopen, fdopen, freopen - stream open functions + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + FILE *fopen( char *path, char *mode); + FILE *fdopen( int fildes, char *mode); + FILE *freopen( char *path, char *mode, FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The fopen function opens the file whose name is the string + pointed to by path and associates a stream with it. + + The argument mode points to a string beginning with one of + the following sequences (Additional characters may follow + these sequences.): + + r Open text file for reading. The stream is posi- + tioned at the beginning of the file. + + r+ Open for reading and writing. The stream is posi- + tioned at the beginning of the file. + + w Truncate file to zero length or create text file + for writing. The stream is positioned at the + beginning of the file. + + w+ Open for reading and writing. The file is created + if it does not exist, otherwise it is truncated. + The stream is positioned at the beginning of the + file. + + a Open for writing. The file is created if it does + not exist. The stream is positioned at the end of + the file. + + a+ Open for reading and writing. The file is created + if it does not exist. The stream is positioned at + the end of the file. + + The mode string can also include the letter ``b'' either + as a third character or as a character between the charac- + ters in any of the two-character strings described above. + This is strictly for compatibility with ANSI C3.159-1989 + (``ANSI C'') and has no effect; the ``b'' is ignored. + Linux may not behave this way. + + Any created files will have mode + S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP|S_IROTH|S_IWOTH (0666), as + modified by the process' umask value (see umask(2). + + Reads and writes may be intermixed on read/write streams + in any order, and do not require an intermediate seek as + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>FOPEN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FOPEN(3) +</h3> + + in previous versions of stdio. This is not portable to + other systems, however, and may not work under Linux + (someone should find out and fix this manpage); ANSI C + requires that a file positioning function intervene + between output and input, unless an input operation + encounters end-of-file. + + The fdopen function associates a stream with the existing + file descriptor, fildes. The mode of the stream must be + compatible with the mode of the file descriptor. + + The freopen function opens the file whose name is the + string pointed to by path and associates the stream + pointed to by stream with it. The original stream (if it + exists) is closed. The mode argument is used just as in + the fopen function. The primary use of the freopen func- + tion is to change the file associated with a standard text + stream (stderr, stdin, or stdout). + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> Upon successful completion fopen, fdopen and freopen + return a FILE pointer. Otherwise, NULL is returned and + the global variable errno is set to indicate the error. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EINVAL The mode provided to fopen, fdopen, or freopen was + invalid. + + The fopen, fdopen and freopen functions may also fail and + set errno for any of the errors specified for the routine + malloc(3). + + The fopen function may also fail and set errno for any of + the errors specified for the routine open(2). + + The fdopen function may also fail and set errno for any of + the errors specified for the routine fcntl(2). + + The freopen function may also fail and set errno for any + of the errors specified for the routines open(2), + fclose(3) and fflush(3). + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=fclose.htm>fclose</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The fopen and freopen functions conform to ANSI + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C''). The fdopen function conforms to + IEEE Std1003.1-1988 (``POSIX''). + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/frexp.htm b/reference/C/MAN/frexp.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a81ecf --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/frexp.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>frexp</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FREXP(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FREXP(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> frexp - convert floating-point number to fractional and + integral components + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double frexp(double x, int *exp); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The frexp() function is used to split the number x into a + normalized fraction and an exponent which is stored in + exp. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The frexp() function returns the normalized fraction. If + the argument x is not zero, the normalized fraction is x + times a power of two, and is always in the range 1/2 + (inclusive) to 1 (exclusive). If x is zero, then the nor- + malized fraction is zero and zero is stored in exp. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=ldexp.htmldexp</a>, +<a href=modf.htm>modf</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU June 6, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fscanf.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fscanf.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44ec43c --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fscanf.htm @@ -0,0 +1,365 @@ +<TITLE>fscanf</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SCANF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANF(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> scanf, fscanf, sscanf, vscanf, vsscanf, vfscanf - input + format conversion + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + int scanf( const char *format, ...); + int fscanf( FILE *stream, const char *format, ...); + int sscanf( const char *str, const char *format, ...); + + #include <stdarg.h> + int vscanf( const char *format, va_list ap); + int vsscanf( const char *str, const char *format, va_list ap); + int vfscanf( FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list ap); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The scanf family of functions scans input according to a + format as described below. This format may contain con- + version specifiers; the results from such conversions, if + any, are stored through the pointer arguments. The scanf + function reads input from the standard input stream stdin, + fscanf reads input from the stream pointer stream, and + sscanf reads its input from the character string pointed + to by str. + + The vfscanf function is analogous to vfprintf(3) and reads + input from the stream pointer stream using a variable + argument list of pointers (see stdarg(3). The vscanf + function scans a variable argument list from the standard + input and the vsscanf function scans it from a string; + these are analogous to the vprintf and vsprintf functions + respectively. + + Each successive pointer argument must correspond properly + with each successive conversion specifier (but see `sup- + pression' below). All conversions are introduced by the % + (percent sign) character. The format string may also con- + tain other characters. White space (such as blanks, tabs, + or newlines) in the format string match any amount of + white space, including none, in the input. Everything + else matches only itself. Scanning stops when an input + character does not match such a format character. Scan- + ning also stops when an input conversion cannot be made + (see below). + +<h3>CONVERSIONS +</h3> Following the % character introducing a conversion there + may be a number of flag characters, as follows: + + * Suppresses assignment. The conversion that follows + occurs as usual, but no pointer is used; the result + of the conversion is simply discarded. + + h Indicates that the conversion will be one of dioux + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SCANF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANF(3) +</h3> + + or n and the next pointer is a pointer to a short + int (rather than int). + + l Indicates either that the conversion will be one of + dioux or n and the next pointer is a pointer to a + long int (rather than int), or that the conversion + will be one of efg and the next pointer is a + pointer to double (rather than float). + + L Indicates that the conversion will be efg and the + next pointer is a pointer to long double. (This + type is not implemented; the L flag is currently + ignored--this may not be true for Linux.) + + In addition to these flags, there may be an optional maxi- + mum field width, expressed as a decimal integer, between + the % and the conversion. If no width is given, a default + of `infinity' is used (with one exception, below); other- + wise at most this many characters are scanned in process- + ing the conversion. Before conversion begins, most con- + versions skip white space; this white space is not counted + against the field width. + + The following conversions are available: + + % Matches a literal `%'. That is, `%%' in the format + string matches a single input `%' character. No + conversion is done, and assignment does not occur. + + d Matches an optionally signed decimal integer; the + next pointer must be a pointer to int. + + D Equivalent to ld; this exists only for backwards + compatibility. + + i Matches an optionally signed integer; the next + pointer must be a pointer to int. The integer is + read in base 16 if it begins with `0x' or `0X', in + base 8 if it begins with `0', and in base 10 other- + wise. Only characters that correspond to the base + are used. + + o Matches an octal integer; the next pointer must be + a pointer to unsigned int. + + O Equivalent to lo; this exists for backwards compat- + ibility. + + u Matches an optionally signed decimal integer; the + next pointer must be a pointer to unsigned int. + + x Matches an optionally a signed hexadecimal integer; + the next pointer must be a pointer to unsigned int. + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SCANF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANF(3) +</h3> + + X Equivalent to lx; this violates the ANSI + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C'') but is backwards compati- + ble with previous UNIX systems--I don't know what + Linux does with this. + + f Matches an optionally signed floating-point number; + the next pointer must be a pointer to float. + + e Equivalent to f. + + g Equivalent to f. + + E Equivalent to lf; this violates the ANSI + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C'') but is backwards compati- + ble with previous UNIX systems--I don't know what + Linux does with this. + + F Equivalent to lf; this exists only for backwards + compatibility. + + s Matches a sequence of non-white-space characters; + the next pointer must be a pointer to char, and the + array must be large enough to accept all the + sequence and the terminating NUL character. The + input string stops at white space or at the maximum + field width, whichever occurs first. + + c Matches a sequence of width count characters + (default 1); the next pointer must be a pointer to + char, and there must be enough room for all the + characters (no terminating NUL is added). The + usual skip of leading white space is suppressed. + To skip white space first, use an explicit space in + the format. + + [ Matches a nonempty sequence of characters from the + specified set of accepted characters; the next + pointer must be a pointer to char, and there must + be enough room for all the characters in the + string, plus a terminating NUL character. The + usual skip of leading white space is suppressed. + The string is to be made up of characters in (or + not in) a particular set; the set is defined by the + characters between the open bracket [ character and + a close bracket ] character. The set excludes + those characters if the first character after the + open bracket is a circumflex ^. To include a close + bracket in the set, make it the first character + after the open bracket or the circumflex; any other + position will end the set. The hyphen character - + is also special; when placed between two other + characters, it adds all intervening characters to + the set. To include a hyphen, make it the last + character before the final close bracket. For + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 3 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SCANF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANF(3) +</h3> + + instance, `[^]0-9-]' means the set `everything + except close bracket, zero through nine, and + hyphen'. The string ends with the appearance of a + character not in the (or, with a circumflex, in) + set or when the field width runs out. + + p Matches a pointer value (as printed by `%p' in + printf(3); the next pointer must be a pointer to + void. + + n Nothing is expected; instead, the number of charac- + ters consumed thus far from the input is stored + through the next pointer, which must be a pointer + to int. This is not a conversion, although it can + be suppressed with the * flag. + + For backwards compatibility, other conversion characters + (except `\0') are taken as if they were `%d' or, if upper- + case, `%ld', and a `conversion' of `%\0' causes an immedi- + ate return of EOF. The F and X conversions will be + changed in the future to conform to the + ANSI C standard, after which they will act like and + respectively. The behavior of Linux on the non-standard + points is not known by this documenter. + + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> These functions return the number of input items assigned, + which can be fewer than provided for, or even zero, in the + event of a matching failure. Zero indicates that, while + there was input available, no conversions were assigned; + typically this is due to an invalid input character, such + as an alphabetic character for a `%d' conversion. The + value EOF is returned if an input failure occurs before + any conversion such as an end-of-file occurs. If an error + or end-of-file occurs after conversion has begun, the num- + ber of conversions which were successfully completed is + returned. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=strtol.htm>strtol</a>, +<a href=strtoul.htm>strtoul</a>, +<a href=strtod.htm>strtod</a>, +<a href=getc.htm>getc</a>, +<a href=printf.htm>printf</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The functions fscanf, scanf, and sscanf conform to ANSI + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C''). + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Differences for Linux are not known at this time. The + following is for the BSD version: + + The current situation with %F and %X conversions is unfor- + tunate. + + All of the backwards compatibility formats will be removed + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 4 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SCANF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANF(3) +</h3> + + in the future. + + Numerical strings are truncated to 512 characters; for + example, %f and %d are implicitly %512f and %512d. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 5 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fseek.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fseek.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..034354e --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fseek.htm @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +<TITLE>fseek</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>FSEEK(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FSEEK(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fgetpos, fseek, fsetpos, ftell, rewind - reposition a + stream + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int fseek( FILE *stream, long offset, int whence); + long ftell( FILE *stream); + void rewind( FILE *stream); + int fgetpos( FILE *stream, fpos_t *pos); + int fsetpos( FILE *stream, fpos_t *pos); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The fseek function sets the file position indicator for + the stream pointed to by stream. The new position, mea- + sured in bytes, is obtained by adding offset bytes to the + position specified by whence. If whence is set to + SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, or SEEK_END, the offset is relative to + the start of the file, the current position indicator, or + end-of-file, respectively. A successful call to the fseek + function clears the end-of-file indicator for the stream + and undoes any effects of the ungetc(3) function on the + same stream. + + The ftell function obtains the current value of the file + position indicator for the stream pointed to by stream. + + The rewind function sets the file position indicator for + the stream pointed to by stream to the beginning of the + file. It is equivalent to: + + (void)fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_SET) + + except that the error indicator for the stream is also + cleared (see clearerr(3). + + The fgetpos and fsetpos functions are alternate interfaces + equivalent to ftell and fseek (with whence set to + SEEK_SET), setting and storing the current value of the + file offset into or from the object referenced by pos. On + some non-UNIX systems an fpos_t object may be a complex + object and these routines may be the only way to portably + reposition a text stream. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> The rewind function returns no value. Upon successful + completion, fgetpos, fseek, fsetpos return 0, and ftell + returns the current offset. Otherwise, -1 is returned and + the global variable errno is set to indicate the error. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF The stream specified is not a seekable stream. + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>FSEEK(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FSEEK(3) +</h3> + + EINVAL The whence argument to fseek was not SEEK_SET, + SEEK_END, or SEEK_CUR. + + The function fgetpos, fseek, fsetpos, and ftell may also + fail and set errno for any of the errors specified for the + routines fflush(3), fstat(2), lseek(2), and malloc(3). + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=lseek.htm>lseek</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The fgetpos, fsetpos, fseek, ftell, and rewind functions + conform to ANSI C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C''). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/fwrite.htm b/reference/C/MAN/fwrite.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..884ce25 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/fwrite.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>fwrite</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>WRITE(3) Linux Programmer's Manual WRITE(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fread, fwrite - binary stream input/output + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int fread( void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE + *stream); + + int fwrite( void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE + *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The function fread reads nmemb elements of data, each size + bytes long, from the stream pointed to by stream, storing + them at the location given by ptr. + + The function fwrite writes nmemb elements of data, each + size bytes long, to the stream pointed to by stream, + obtaining them from the location given by ptr. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> fread and fwrite return the number of items successfully + read or written (i.e., not the number of characters). If + an error occurs, or the end-of-file is reached, the return + value is a short item count (or zero). + + fread does not distinguish between end-of-file and error, + and callers must use feof(3) and ferror(3) to determine + which occurred. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=feof.htm>feof</a>, +<a href=ferror.htm>ferror</a>, +<a href=read.htm>read</a>, +<a href=write.htm>write</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The functions fread and fwrite conform to ANSI C3.159-1989 + (``ANSI C''). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 20 April 1995 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getc.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getc.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3437ed --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getc.htm @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +<TITLE>getc</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETC(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETC(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fgetc, fgets, getc, getchar, gets, ungetc - input of char- + acters and strings + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int fgetc(FILE *stream); + char *fgets(char *s, int size, FILE *stream); + int getc(FILE *stream); + int getchar(void); + char *gets(char *s); + int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> fgetc() reads the next character from stream and returns + it as an unsigned char cast to an int, or EOF on end of + file or error. + + getc() is equivalent to fgetc() except that it may be + implemented as a macro which evaluates stream more than + once. + + getchar() is equivalent to getc(stdin). + + gets() reads a line from stdin into the buffer pointed to + by s until either a terminating newline or EOF, which it + replaces with '\0'. No check for buffer overrun is per- + formed (see BUGS below). + + fgets() reads in at most one less than n characters from + stream and stores them into the buffer pointed to by s. + Reading stops after an EOF or a newline. If a newline is + read, it is stored into the buffer. A '\0' is stored + after the last character in the buffer. + + ungetc() pushes c back to stream, cast to unsigned char, + where it is available for subsequent read operations. + Pushed - back characters will be returned in reverse + order; only one pushback is guaranteed. + + Calls to the functions described here can be mixed with + each other and with calls to other input functions from + the stdio library for the same input stream. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> fgetc(), getc() and getchar() return the character read as + an unsigned char cast to an int or EOF on end of file or + error. + + gets() and fgets() return s on success, and NULL on end of + file or error. + + ungetc() returns c on success, or EOF on error. + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>GETC(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETC(3) +</h3> + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI - C, POSIX.1 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Because it is impossible to tell without knowing the data + in advance how many characters gets() will read, and + because gets() will continue to store characters past the + end of the buffer, it is extremely dangerous to use. It + has been used to break computer security. Use fgets() + instead. + + It is not advisable to mix calls to input functions from + the stdio library with low - level calls to read() for the + file descriptor associated with the input stream; the + results will be undefined and very probably not what you + want. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=read.htm>read</a>, +<a href=write.htm>write</a>, +<a href=fopen.htm>fopen</a>, +<a href=fread.htm>fread</a>, +<a href=scanf.htm>scanf</a>, +<a href=puts.htm>puts</a>, +<a href=fseek.htm>fseek</a>, +<a href=ferror.htm>ferror</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getdid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getdid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d131cd --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getdid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>getgid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETGID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual GETGID(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> getgid, getegid - get group identity + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + gid_t getgid(void); + gid_t getegid(void); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> getgid returns the real group ID of the current process. + + getegid returns the effective group ID of the current pro- + cess. + + The real ID corresponds to the ID of the calling process. + The effective ID corresponds to the set ID bit on the file + being executed. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> These functions are always successful. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> POSIX, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=setregid.htm>setregid</a>, +<a href=setgid.htm>setgid</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.11 23 July 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getenv.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getenv.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4502275 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getenv.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>getenv</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETENV(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETENV(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> getenv - get an environment variable + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + char *getenv(const char *name); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The getenv() function searches the environment list for a + string that matches the string pointed to by name. The + strings are of the form name = value. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The getenv() function returns a pointer to the value in + the environment, or NULL if there is no match. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=putenv.htm>putenv</a>, +<a href=setenv.htm>setenv</a>, +<a href=unsetenv.htm>unsetenv</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 3, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getgroupd.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getgroupd.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6cd339 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getgroupd.htm @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +<TITLE>getgroups</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETGROUPS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual GETGROUPS(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> getgroups, setgroups - get/set group access list + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int getgroups(int size, gid_t list[]); + + + #define __USE_BSD + #include <grp.h> + + int setgroups(size_t size, const gid_t *list); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> getgroups + Up to size supplemental groups are returned in + list. If size is zero, list is not modified, but + the total number of supplemental groups for the + process is returned. + + setgroups + Sets the supplemental groups for the process. Only + the super-user may use this function. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> getgroups + On success, the number of groups stored in list is + returned (if size is zero, however, the number of + supplemental group IDs associated with the process + is returned). On error, -1 is returned, and errno + is set appropriately. + + setgroups + On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is + returned, and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EFAULT list has an invalid address. + + EPERM For setgroups, the user is not the super-user. + + EINVAL For setgroups, gidsetsize is greater than NGROUPS + (32 for Linux 0.99.11). + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> getgroups conforms to POSIX.1 (and is present in BSD 4.3). + Since setgroups requires privilege, it is not covered + under POSIX.1. + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> The __USE_BSD flag probably shouldn't be required for set- + groups. + + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.11 23 July 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>GETGROUPS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual GETGROUPS(2) +</h3> + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=initgroups.htm>initgroups</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.11 23 July 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/gethostname.htm b/reference/C/MAN/gethostname.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b5256c --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/gethostname.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>gethostname</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETHOSTNAME(2) Linux Programmer's Manual GETHOSTNAME(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> gethostname, sethostname - get/set host name + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int gethostname(char *name, size_t len); + int sethostname(const char *name, size_t len); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> These functions are used to access or to change the host + name of the current processor. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EINVAL len is negative or, for sethostname, len is larger + than the maximum allowed size, or, for gethostname + on Linux/i386, len is smaller than the actual size. + + EPERM For sethostname, the caller was not the superuser. + + EFAULT name is an invalid address. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> POSIX.1 does not define these functions, but ISO/IEC + 9945-1:1990 mentions them in B.4.4.1. + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Some other implementations of gethostname successfully + return len bytes even if name is longer. Linux/Alpha com- + plies with this behaviour. Linux/i386, however, returns + EINVAL in this case (as of DLL 4.6.27 libraries). + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> Under Linux/Alpha, gethostname is a system call. Under + Linux/i386, gethostname is implemented at the library + level by calling uname(2). + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getdomainname.htm>getdomainname</a>, +<a href=setdomainname.htm>setdomainname</a>, +<a href=uname.htm>uname</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.3.6 22 July 1995 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getlogin.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getlogin.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6870731 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getlogin.htm @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +<TITLE>getlogin</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> +</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getopt.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getopt.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae24692 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getopt.htm @@ -0,0 +1,291 @@ +<TITLE>getopt</TITLE> +<body background=../../GRAPHICS/bg1.gif> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETOPT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETOPT(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> getopt - Read command line options + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int getopt(int argc, char * const argv[], + const char *optstring); + + extern char *optarg; + extern int optind, opterr, optopt; + + #include <getopt.h> + + int getopt_long(int argc, char * const argv[], + const char *shortopts, + const struct option *longopts, int longind); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The getopt() function parses the command line arguments. + Its arguments argc and argv are the argument count and + array as passed to the main() function on program invoca- + tion. optstring is a list of available option characters. + If such a character is followed by a colon, the option + takes an argument, which is placed in optarg. + + The external variable optind is the index of the next + array element of argv[] to be processed; it communicates + from one call of getopt() to the next which element to + process. + + The getopt_long() function works like getopt() except that + it also accepts long options, started out by two dashes. + If these take values, it is either in the form --arg=value + or --arg value. It takes the additional arguments lon- + gopts which is a pointer to the first element of an array + of struct option declared in <getopt.h> as + + struct option { + const char *name; + int has_arg; + int *flag; + int val; + }; + + The meaning of the different fields are: + + name is the name of the long option. + + has_arg + is a boolean value which should be set to nonzero + if the long option takes a value. + + flag determines the return value if getopt_long() + + + +<h3>GNU April 25, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>GETOPT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETOPT(3) +</h3> + + returns a value for a long option; if it is non- + zero, zero is returned as a function value, other- + wise val. + + val determines the value to return if flag is zero. + + The last element of the array has to be filled with + zeroes. + + The option_index points to the index of the long option + relative to longopts. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The getopt() function returns the option character if the + option was found successfully, ':' if there was a missing + parameter for one of the options, '?' for an unknown + option character and -1 for the end of the option list. + +<h3>EXAMPLE +</h3> The following example program, from the source code, + illustrates the use of getopt_long() with most of its fea- + tures. + + #include <stdio.h> + + int + main (argc, argv) + int argc; + char **argv; + { + int c; + int digit_optind = 0; + + while (1) + { + int this_option_optind = optind ? optind : 1; + int option_index = 0; + static struct option long_options[] = + { + {"add", 1, 0, 0}, + {"append", 0, 0, 0}, + {"delete", 1, 0, 0}, + {"verbose", 0, 0, 0}, + {"create", 1, 0, 'c'}, + {"file", 1, 0, 0}, + {0, 0, 0, 0} + }; + + c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "abc:d:012", + long_options, &option_index); + if (c == -1) + break; + + switch (c) + + + +<h3>GNU April 25, 1993 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>GETOPT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETOPT(3) +</h3> + + { + case 0: + printf ("option %s", long_options[option_index].name); + if (optarg) + printf (" with arg %s", optarg); + printf ("0); + break; + + case '0': + case '1': + case '2': + if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind) + printf ("digits occur in two different argv-elements.0); + digit_optind = this_option_optind; + printf ("option %c0, c); + break; + + case 'a': + printf ("option a0); + break; + + case 'b': + printf ("option b0); + break; + + case 'c': + printf ("option c with value `%s'0, optarg); + break; + + case 'd': + printf ("option d with value `%s'0, optarg); + break; + + case '?': + break; + + default: + printf ("?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??0, c); + } + } + + if (optind < argc) + { + printf ("non-option ARGV-elements: "); + while (optind < argc) + printf ("%s ", argv[optind++]); + printf ("0); + } + + exit (0); + } + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> This manpage is confusing. + + + +<h3>GNU April 25, 1993 3 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>GETOPT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETOPT(3) +</h3> + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> getopt() : + POSIX.1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 25, 1993 4 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getpgrp.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getpgrp.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d56e00 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getpgrp.htm @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +<TITLE>getpgrp</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETPGID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SETPGID(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setpgid, getpgid, setpgrp, getpgrp - set/get process group + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid); + pid_t getpgid(pid_t pid); + int setpgrp(void); + pid_t getpgrp(void); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> setpgid sets the process group ID of the process specified + by pid to pgid. If pid is zero, the process ID of the + current process is used. If pgid is zero, the process ID + of the process specified by pid is used. + + getpgid returns the process group ID of the process speci- + fied by pid. If pid is zero, the process ID of the cur- + rent process is used. + + In the Linux DLL 4.4.1 library, setpgrp simply calls + setpgid(0,0). + + getpgrp is equivalent to getpgid(0). + + Process groups are used for distribution of signals, and + by terminals to arbitrate requests for their input: pro- + cesses that have the same process group as the terminal + are foreground and may read, while others will block with + a signal if they attempt to read. + + These calls are thus used by programs such as csh(1) to + create process groups in implementing job control. The + TIOCGPGRP and TIOCSPGRP calls described in termios(4) are + used to get/set the process group of the control terminal. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, setpgid and setpgrp return zero. On error, -1 + is returned, and errno is set appropriately. + + getpgid returns a process group on success. On error, -1 + is returned, and errno is set appropriately. + + getpgrp always returns the current process group. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EINVAL pgid is less than 0. + + EPERM Various permission violations. + + ESRCH pid does not match any process. + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.2.4 15 April 1995 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SETPGID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SETPGID(2) +</h3> + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getuid.htm>getuid</a>, +<a href=setsid.htm>setsid</a>, +<a href=tcsetpgrp.htm>tcsetpgrp</a>, +<a href=termios+4>termios</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.2.4 15 April 1995 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getpid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getpid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..599adce --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getpid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>getpid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETPID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual GETPID(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> getpid, getppid - get process identification + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + pid_t getpid(void); + pid_t getppid(void); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> getpid returns the process ID of the current process. + (This is often used by routines that generate unique tem- + porary file names.) + + getppid returns the process ID of the parent of the cur- + rent process. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> POSIX, BSD 4.3, SVID + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=exec.htm>exec</a>, +<a href=fork.htm>fork</a>, +<a href=kill.htm>kill</a>, +<a href=mkstemp.htm>mkstemp</a>, +<a href=tmpnam.htm>tmpnam</a>, +<a href=tempnam.htm>tempnam</a>, +<a href=tmpfile.htm>tmpfile</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.11 23 July 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getpw.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getpw.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ed2735 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getpw.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>getpw</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETPW(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETPW(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> getpw - Re-construct password line entry + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <pwd.h> + #include <sys/types.h> + + int getpw(uid_t uid, char *buf); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The getpw() function re-constructs the password line entry + for the given user uid uid in the buffer buf. The + returned buffer contains a line of format + + name:passwd:uid:gid:gecos:dir:shell + + The passwd structure is defined in <pwd.h> as follows: + + struct passwd { + char *pw_name; /* user name */ + char *pw_passwd; /* user password */ + uid_t pw_uid; /* user id */ + gid_t pw_gid; /* group id */ + char *pw_gecos; /* real name */ + char *pw_dir; /* home directory */ + char *pw_shell; /* shell program */ + }; + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The getpw() function returns 0 on success, or -1 if an + error occurs. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> ENOMEM Insufficient memory to allocate passwd structure. + +<h3>FILES +</h3> /etc/passwdpassword database file + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=fgetpwent.htm>fgetpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwent.htm>getpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwent.htm>setpwent</a>, +<a href=gndpwent.htm>endpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwnam.htm>getpwuid</a>, +<a href=putpwent.htm>putpwent</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 9, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getpwent.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getpwent.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac99174 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getpwent.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>getpwent</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETPWENT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETPWENT(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> getpwent, setpwent, endpwent - get password file entry + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <pwd.h> + #include <sys/types.h> + + struct passwd *getpwent(void); + + void setpwent(void); + + void endpwent(void); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The getpwent() function returns a pointer to a structure + containing the broken out fields of a line from + /etc/passwd. The first time it is called it returns the + first entry; thereafter, it returns successive entries. + + The setpwent() function rewinds the file pointer to the + beginning of the /etc/passwd file. + + The endpwent() function closes the /etc/passwd file. + + The passwd structure is defined in <pwd.h> as follows: + + struct passwd { + char *pw_name; /* user name */ + char *pw_passwd; /* user password */ + uid_t pw_uid; /* user id */ + gid_t pw_gid; /* group id */ + char *pw_gecos; /* real name */ + char *pw_dir; /* home directory */ + char *pw_shell; /* shell program */ + }; + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The getpwent() function returns the passwd structure, or + NULL if there are no more entries or an error occurs. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> ENOMEM Insufficient memory to allocate passwd structure. + +<h3>FILES +</h3> /etc/passwdpassword database file + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=fgetpwent.htm>fgetpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwnam.htm>getpwnam</a>, +<a href=getpwnam.htm>getpwuid</a>, +<a href=getpw.htm>getpw</a>, +<pre> + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 9, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getpwnam.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getpwnam.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98232e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getpwnam.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>getpwuid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETPWNAM(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETPWNAM(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> getpwnam, getpwuid - get password file entry + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <pwd.h> + #include <sys/types.h> + + struct passwd *getpwnam(const char * name); + + struct passwd *getpwuid(uid_t uid); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The getpwnam() function returns a pointer to a structure + containing the broken out fields of a line from + /etc/passwd for the entry that matches the user name name. + + The getpwuid() function returns a pointer to a structure + containing the broken out fields of a line from + /etc/passwd for the entry that matches the user uid uid. + + The passwd structure is defined in <pwd.h> as follows: + + struct passwd { + char *pw_name; /* user name */ + char *pw_passwd; /* user password */ + uid_t pw_uid; /* user id */ + gid_t pw_gid; /* group id */ + char *pw_gecos; /* real name */ + char *pw_dir; /* home directory */ + char *pw_shell; /* shell program */ + }; + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The getpwnam() and getpwuid() functions return the passwd + structure, or NULL if the matching entry is not found or + an error occurs. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> ENOMEM Insufficient memory to allocate passwd structure. + +<h3>FILES +</h3> /etc/passwdpassword database file + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=fgetpwent.htm>fgetpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwent.htm>getpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwent.htm>setpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwent.htm>endpwent</a>, +<a href=getpw.htm>getpw</a>, +<a href=putpwent.htm>putpwent</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 9, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/gets.htm b/reference/C/MAN/gets.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54a79a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/gets.htm @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +<TITLE>ungetc</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fgetc, fgets, getc, getchar, gets, ungetc - input of char- + acters and strings + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int fgetc(FILE *stream); + char *fgets(char *s, int size, FILE *stream); + int getc(FILE *stream); + int getchar(void); + char *gets(char *s); + int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> fgetc() reads the next character from stream and returns + it as an unsigned char cast to an int, or EOF on end of + file or error. + + getc() is equivalent to fgetc() except that it may be + implemented as a macro which evaluates stream more than + once. + + getchar() is equivalent to getc(stdin). + + gets() reads a line from stdin into the buffer pointed to + by s until either a terminating newline or EOF, which it + replaces with '\0'. No check for buffer overrun is per- + formed (see BUGS below). + + fgets() reads in at most one less than n characters from + stream and stores them into the buffer pointed to by s. + Reading stops after an EOF or a newline. If a newline is + read, it is stored into the buffer. A '\0' is stored + after the last character in the buffer. + + ungetc() pushes c back to stream, cast to unsigned char, + where it is available for subsequent read operations. + Pushed - back characters will be returned in reverse + order; only one pushback is guaranteed. + + Calls to the functions described here can be mixed with + each other and with calls to other input functions from + the stdio library for the same input stream. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> fgetc(), getc() and getchar() return the character read as + an unsigned char cast to an int or EOF on end of file or + error. + + gets() and fgets() return s on success, and NULL on end of + file or error. + + ungetc() returns c on success, or EOF on error. + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>GETS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI - C, POSIX.1 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Because it is impossible to tell without knowing the data + in advance how many characters gets() will read, and + because gets() will continue to store characters past the + end of the buffer, it is extremely dangerous to use. It + has been used to break computer security. Use fgets() + instead. + + It is not advisable to mix calls to input functions from + the stdio library with low - level calls to read() for the + file descriptor associated with the input stream; the + results will be undefined and very probably not what you + want. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=read.htm>read</a>, +<a href=write.htm>write</a>, +<a href=fopen.htm>fopen</a>, +<a href=fread.htm>fread</a>, +<a href=scanf.htm>scanf</a>, +<a href=puts.htm>puts</a>, +<a href=fseek.htm>fseek</a>, +<a href=ferror.htm>ferror</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/getuid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/getuid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f76486f --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/getuid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>getuid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETUID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual GETUID(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> getuid, geteuid - get user identity + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + uid_t getuid(void); + uid_t geteuid(void); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> getuid returns the real user ID of the current process. + + geteuid returns the effective user ID of the current pro- + cess. + + The real ID corresponds to the ID of the calling process. + The effective ID corresponds to the set ID bit on the file + being executed. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> These functions are always successful. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> POSIX, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=setreuid.htm>setreuid</a>, +<a href=setuid.htm>setuid</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.11 23 July 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/index.htm b/reference/C/MAN/index.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e674e42 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/index.htm @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +<TITLE>index</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>INDEX(3) Linux Programmer's Manual INDEX(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> index, rindex - locate character in string + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + char *index(const char *s, int c); + + char *rindex(const char *s, int c); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The index() function returns a pointer to the first occur- + rence of the character c in the string s. + + The rindex() function returns a pointer to the last occur- + rence of the character c in the string s. + + The terminating NULL character is considered to be a part + of the strings. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The index() and rindex() functions return a pointer to the + matched character or NULL if the character is not found. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=memchr.htm>memchr</a>, +<a href=strchr.htm>strchr</a>, +<a href=strpbrk.htm>strpbrk</a>, +<a href=strrchr.htm>strrchr</a>, +<a href=strsep.htm>strsep</a>, +<a href=strspn.htm>strspn</a>, +<a href=strstr.htm>strstr</a>, +<a href=strtok.htm>strtok</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 12, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/ioctl.htm b/reference/C/MAN/ioctl.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23d58e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/ioctl.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>ioctl</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>IOCTL(2) Linux Programmer's Manual IOCTL(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> ioctl - control device + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <sys/ioctl.h> + + int ioctl(int d, int request, ...) + + [The "third" argument is traditionally char *argp, and + will be so named for this discussion.] + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The ioctl function manipulates the underlying device + parameters of special files. In particular, many operat- + ing characteristics of character special files (e.g. ter- + minals) may be controlled with ioctl requests. The argu- + ment d must be an open file descriptor. + + An ioctl request has encoded in it whether the argument is + an in parameter or out parameter, and the size of the + argument argp in bytes. Macros and defines used in speci- + fying an ioctl request are located in the file + sys/ioctl.h. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF d is not a valid descriptor. + + ENOTTY d is not associated with a character special + device. + + ENOTTY The specified request does not apply to the kind of + object that the descriptor d references. + + EINVAL Request or argp is not valid. + +<h3>HISTORY +</h3> An ioctl function call appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=execve.htm>execve</a>, +<a href=fcntl.htm>fcntl</a>, +<a href=mt+4>mt</a>, +<a href=sd+4>sd</a>, +<a href=tty+4>tty</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD Man Page 23 July 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/isatty.htm b/reference/C/MAN/isatty.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6eb2682 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/isatty.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>isatty</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>ISATTY(3) Linux Programmer's Manual ISATTY(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> isatty - does this descriptor refer to a terminal + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int isatty ( int desc ); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> returns 1 if desc is an open descriptor connected to a + terminal and 0 else. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=fstat.htm>fstat</a>, +<a href=ttyname.htm>ttyname</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux April 20, 1995 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/labs.htm b/reference/C/MAN/labs.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..41e95e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/labs.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>labs</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>LABS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual LABS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> labs - computes the absolute value of a long integer. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + long int labs(long int j); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The labs() function computes the absolute value of the + long integer argument j. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> Returns the absolute value of the long integer argument. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> Trying to take the absolute value of the most negative + integer is not defined. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=abs.htm>abs</a>, +<a href=ceil.htm>ceil</a>, +<a href=floor.htm>floor</a>, +<a href=fabs.htm>fabs</a>, +<a href=rint.htm>rint</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU June 6, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/ldexp.htm b/reference/C/MAN/ldexp.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7429a5a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/ldexp.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>ldexp</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>LDEXP(3) Linux Programmer's Manual LDEXP(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> ldexp - multiply floating-point number by integral power + of 2 + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double ldexp(double x, int exp); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The ldexp() function returns the result of multiplying the + floating-point number x by 2 raised to the power exp. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=frexp.htm>frexp</a>, +<a href=modf.htm>modf</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD June 6, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/ldiv.htm b/reference/C/MAN/ldiv.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7d4818 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/ldiv.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>ldiv</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>LDIV(3) Linux Programmer's Manual LDIV(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> ldiv - computes the quotient and remainder of long integer + division. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + ldiv_t ldiv(long int numer, long int denom); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The ldiv() function computes the value numer/denom and + returns the quotient and remainder in a structure named + ldiv_t that contains two long integer members named quot + and rem. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The ldiv_t structure. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=div.htm>div</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU March 29, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/link.htm b/reference/C/MAN/link.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6009720 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/link.htm @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +<TITLE>link</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>LINK(2) Linux Programmer's Manual LINK(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> link - make a new name for a file + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int link(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> link creates a new link (also known as a hard link) to an + existing file. + + If newpath exists it will not be overwritten. + + This new name may be used exactly as the old one for any + operation; both names refer to the same file (and so have + the same permissions and ownership) and it is impossible + to tell which name was the `original'. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EXDEV oldpath and newpath are not on the same filesys- + tem. + + EPERM The filesystem containing oldpath and newpath does + not support the creation of hard links. + + EFAULT oldpath or newpath points outside your accessible + address space. + + EACCES Write access to the directory containing newpath + is not allowed for the process's effective uid, or + one of the directories in oldpath or newpath did + not allow search (execute) permission. + + ENAMETOOLONG + oldpath or newpath was too long. + + ENOENT A directory component in oldpath or newpath does + not exist or is a dangling symbolic link. + + ENOTDIR A component used as a directory in oldpath or new- + path is not, in fact, a directory. + + ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available. + + EROFS The file is on a read-only filesystem. + + EEXIST newpath already exists. + + EMLINK The file referred to by oldpath already has the + + + +<h3>Linux 17 August 1994 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>LINK(2) Linux Programmer's Manual LINK(2) +</h3> + + maximum number of links to it. + + ELOOP oldpath or newpath contains a reference to a cir- + cular symbolic link, ie a symbolic link whose + expansion contains a reference to itself. + + ENOSPC The device containing the file has no room for the + new directory entry. + + EPERM oldpath is the . or .. entry of a directory. + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> Hard links, as created by link, cannot span filesystems. + Use symlink if this is required. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, BSD 4.3 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> On NFS file systems, the return code may be wrong in case + the NFS server performs the link creation and dies before + it can say so. Use stat(2) to find out if the link got + created. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=symlink.htm>symlink</a>, +<a href=unlink.htm>unlink</a>, +<a href=rename.htm>rename</a>, +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=stat.htm>stat</a>, +<a href=ln.htm>ln</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 17 August 1994 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/longjmp.htm b/reference/C/MAN/longjmp.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba1bbb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/longjmp.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>longjmp</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>LONGJMP(3) Library functions LONGJMP(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> longjmp - non-local jump to a saved stack context + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <setjmp.h> + + void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int val); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> longjmp() and setjmp(3) are useful for dealing with errors + and interrupts encountered in a low-level subroutine of a + program. longjmp() restores the environment saved by the + last call of setjmp() with the corresponding env argument. + After longjmp() is completed, program execution continues + as if the corresponding call of setjmp() had just returned + the value val. longjmp() cannot cause 0 to be returned. + If longjmp is invoked with a second argument of 0, 1 will + be returned instead. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> This function never returns. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> POSIX + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> POSIX does not specify if the signal context will be + restored or not. If you want to save restore signal + masks, use siglongjmp(3) longjmp() makes programs hard to + understand and maintain. If possible an alternative + should be used. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=setjmp.htm>setjmp</a>, +<a href=sigsetjmp.htm>sigsetjmp</a>, +<a href=siglongjmp.htm>siglongjmp</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + November 25, 1994 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/lseek.htm b/reference/C/MAN/lseek.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..993137b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/lseek.htm @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +<TITLE>lseek</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>LSEEK(2) Linux Programmer's Manual LSEEK(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> lseek - reposition read/write file offset + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + off_t lseek(int fildes, off_t offset, int whence); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The lseek function repositions the offset of the file + descriptor fildes to the argument offset according to the + directive whence. The argument fildes must be an open + file descriptor. Lseek repositions the file pointer + fildes as follows: + + If whence is SEEK_SET, the offset is set to offset + bytes. + + If whence is SEEK_CUR, the offset is set to its + current location plus offset bytes. + + If whence is SEEK_END, the offset is set to the + size of the file plus offset bytes. + + The lseek function allows the file offset to be set beyond + the end of the existing end-of-file of the file. If data + is later written at this point, subsequent reads of the + data in the gap return bytes of zeros (until data is actu- + ally written into the gap). + + Some devices are incapable of seeking. The value of the + pointer associated with such a device is undefined. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> Upon successful completion, lseek returns the resulting + offset location as measured in bytes from the beginning of + the file. Otherwise, a value of -1 is returned and errno + is set to indicate the error. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF Fildes is not an open file descriptor. + + ESPIPE Fildes is associated with a pipe, socket, or FIFO. + + EINVAL Whence is not a proper value. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> POSIX, BSD 4.3 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> This document's use of whence is incorrect English, but + maintained for historical reasons. + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.2.9 10 June 1995 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>LSEEK(2) Linux Programmer's Manual LSEEK(2) +</h3> + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=dup.htm>dup</a>, +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=fseek.htm>fseek</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.2.9 10 June 1995 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/mblen.htm b/reference/C/MAN/mblen.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed12a75 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/mblen.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>mblen</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MBLEN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MBLEN(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> mblen - determine the number of bytes in a character + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + int mblen(const char *s, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The mblen() function scans the first n bytes of the string + s and returns the number of bytes in a character. The + mblen() function is equivalent to + + mbtowc((wchat_t *)0, s, n); + + except that the shift state of the mbtowc() function is + not affected. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The mblen() returns the number of bytes in a character or + -1 if the character is invalid or 0 if s is a NULL string. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=mbstowcs.htm>mbstowcs</a>, +<a href=mbtowc.htm>mbtowc</a>, +<a href=wcstombs.htm>wcstombs</a>, +<a href=wctomb.htm>wctomb</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU March 29, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/mbstowcs.htm b/reference/C/MAN/mbstowcs.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5345a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/mbstowcs.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>mbstowcs</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MBSTOWCS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MBSTOWCS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> mbstowcs - convert a multibyte string to a wide character + string. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t *pwcs, const char *s, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The mbstowcs() function converts a sequence of multibyte + characters from the array s into a sequence of wide char- + acters and stores up to n wide characters in the array + pwcs. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> mbstowcs() returns the number of wide characters stored or + -1 if s contains an invalid multibyte character. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=mblen.htm>mblen</a>, +<a href=mbtowc.htm>mbtowc</a>, +<a href=wcstombs.htm>wcstombs</a>, +<a href=wctomb.htm>wctomb</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU March 29, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/mbtowc.htm b/reference/C/MAN/mbtowc.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df98bb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/mbtowc.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>mbtowc</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MBTOWC(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MBTOWC(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> mbtowc - convert a multibyte character to a wide charac- + ter. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + int mbtowc(wchar_t *pwc, const char *s, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The mbtowc() function converts a multibyte character s, + which is no longer than n bytes, into a wide character + and, if pwc is not NULL, stores the wide character in pwc. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> mbtowc() returns the number of bytes in the multibyte + character or -1 if the multibyte character is not valid. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=mblen.htm>mblen</a>, +<a href=mbstowcs.htm>mbstowcs</a>, +<a href=wcstombs.htm>wcstombs</a>, +<a href=wctomb.htm>wctomb</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU March 29, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/memchr.htm b/reference/C/MAN/memchr.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c5148f --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/memchr.htm @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +<TITLE>memchr</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MEMCHR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MEMCHR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> memchr - scan memory for a character + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The memchr() function scans the first n bytes of the mem- + ory area pointed to by s for the character c. The first + byte to match c (interpreted as an unsigned character) + stops the operation. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The memchr() function returns a pointer to the matching + byte or NULL if the character does not occur in the given + memory area. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=index.htm>index</a>, +<a href=rindex.htm>rindex</a>, +<a href=strchr.htm>strchr</a>, +<a href=strpbrk.htm>strpbrk</a>, +<a href=strrchr.htm>strrchr</a>, +<a href=strsep.htm>strsep</a>, +<a href=strspn.htm>strspn</a>, +<a href=strstr.htm>strstr</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 12, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/memcmp.htm b/reference/C/MAN/memcmp.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e4e991 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/memcmp.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>memcmp</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MEMCMP(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MEMCMP(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> memcmp - compare memory areas + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The memcmp() function compares the first n bytes of the + memory areas s1 and s2. It returns an integer less than, + equal to, or greater than zero if s1 is found, respec- + tively, to be less than, to match, or be greater than s2. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The memcmp() function returns an integer less than, equal + to, or greater than zero if the first n bytes of s1 is + found, respectively, to be less than, to match, or be + greater than the first n bytes of s2. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=bcmp.htm>bcmp</a>, +<a href=strcasecmp.htm>strcasecmp</a>, +<a href=strcmp.htm>strcmp</a>, +<a href=strcoll.htm>strcoll</a>, +<a href=strncmp.htm>strncmp</a>, +<a href=strncasecmp.htm>strncasecmp</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + April 10, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/memcpy.htm b/reference/C/MAN/memcpy.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae7a1a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/memcpy.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>memcpy</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MEMCPY(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MEMCPY(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> memcpy - copy memory area + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The memcpy() function copies n bytes from memory area src + to memory area dest. The memory areas may not overlap. + Use memmove(3) if the memory areas do overlap. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The memcpy() function returns a pointer to dest. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=bcopy.htm>bcopy</a>, +<a href=memccpy.htm>memccpy</a>, +<a href=memmove.htm>memmove</a>, +<a href=strcpy.htm>strcpy</a>, +<a href=strncpy.htm>strncpy</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 10, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/memmove.htm b/reference/C/MAN/memmove.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0dc1bb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/memmove.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>memmove</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MEMMOVE(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MEMMOVE(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> memmove - copy memory area + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The memmove() function copies n bytes from memory area src + to memory area dest. The memory areas may overlap. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The memmove() function returns a pointer to dest. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=bcopy.htm>bcopy</a>, +<a href=memccpy.htm>memccpy</a>, +<a href=memcpy.htm>memcpy</a>, +<a href=strcpy.htm>strcpy</a>, +<a href=strncpy.htm>strncpy</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 10, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/memset.htm b/reference/C/MAN/memset.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4276ef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/memset.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>memset</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MEMSET(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MEMSET(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> memset - fill memory with a constant byte + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + void *memset(void *s, int c, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The memset() function fills the first n bytes of the mem- + ory area pointed to be s with the constant byte c. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The memset() function returns a pointer to the memory area + s. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=bzero.htm>bzero</a>, +<a href=swab.htm>swab</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 11, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/mkdir.htm b/reference/C/MAN/mkdir.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ac0bc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/mkdir.htm @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +<TITLE>mkdir</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MKDIR(2) Linux Programmer's Manual MKDIR(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> mkdir - create a directory + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <sys/types.h> + #include <fcntl.h> + #include <unistd.h> + + int mkdir(const char *pathname, mode_t mode); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> mkdir attempts to create a directory named pathname. + + mode specifies the permissions to use. It is modified by + the process's umask in the usual way: the permissions of + the created file are (mode & ~umask). + + The newly created directory will be owned by the effective + uid of the process. If the directory containing the file + has the set group id bit set, or if the filesystem is + mounted with BSD group semantics, the new directory will + inherit the group ownership from its parent; otherwise it + will be owned by the effective gid of the process. + + If the parent directory has the set group id bit set then + so will the newly created directory. + + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> mkdir returns zero on success, or -1 if an error occurred + (in which case, errno is set appropriately). + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EEXIST pathname already exists (not necessarily as a + directory). + + EFAULT pathname points outside your accessible address + space. + + EACCES The parent directory does not allow write permis- + sion to the process, or one of the directories in + pathname did not allow search (execute) permission. + + ENAMETOOLONG + pathname was too long. + + ENOENT A directory component in pathname does not exist or + is a dangling symbolic link. + + ENOTDIR + A component used as a directory in pathname is not, + in fact, a directory. + + ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available. + + + +<h3>Linux 1.0 29 March 1994 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>MKDIR(2) Linux Programmer's Manual MKDIR(2) +</h3> + + EROFS pathname refers to a file on a read-only filesystem + and write access was requested. + + ELOOP pathname contains a reference to a circular sym- + bolic link, ie a symbolic link whose expansion con- + tains a reference to itself. + + ENOSPC The device containing pathname has no room for the + new directory. ENOSPC The new directory cannot be + created because the user's disk quota is exhausted. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3><h3>BUGS +</h3> In some older versions of Linux (for example, 0.99pl7) all + the normal filesystems sometime allow the creation of two + files in the same directory with the same name. This + occurs only rarely and only on a heavily loaded system. + It is believed that this bug was fixed in the Minix + filesystem in Linux 0.99pl8 pre-release; and it is hoped + that it was fixed in the other filesystems shortly after- + wards. + + There are many infelicities in the protocol underlying + NFS. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=read.htm>read</a>, +<a href=write.htm>write</a>, +<a href=fcntl.htm>fcntl</a>, +<a href=close.htm>close</a>, +<a href=unlink.htm>unlink</a>, +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=mknod.htm>mknod</a>, +<a href=stat.htm>stat</a>, +<a href=umask.htm>umask</a>, +<a href=mount.htm>mount</a>, +<a href=socket.htm>socket</a>, +<a href=socket.htm>socket</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.0 29 March 1994 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/modf.htm b/reference/C/MAN/modf.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a17a355 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/modf.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>modf</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MODF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MODF(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> modf - extract signed integral and fractional values from + floating-point number + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double modf(double x, double *iptr); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The modf() function breaks the argument x into an integral + part and a fractional part, each of which has the same + sign as x. The integral part is stored in iptr. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The modf() function returns the fractional part of x. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=frexp.htm>frexp</a>, +<a href=ldexp.htmldexp</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 6, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/opendir.htm b/reference/C/MAN/opendir.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..227c03f --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/opendir.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>opendir</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>OPENDIR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual OPENDIR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> opendir - open a directory + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <sys/types.h> + + #include <dirent.h> + + DIR *opendir(const char *name); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The opendir() function opens a directory stream corre- + sponding to the directory name, and returns a pointer to + the directory stream. The stream is positioned at the + first entry in the directory. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The opendir() function returns a pointer to the directory + stream or NULL if an error occurred. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EACESS Permission denied. + + EMFILE Too many file descriptors in use by process. + + ENFILE Too many files are currently open in the system. + + ENOENT Directory does not exist, or name is an empty + string. + + ENOMEM Insufficient memory to complete the operation. + + ENOTDIR + name is not a directory. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=readdir.htm>readdir</a>, +<a href=closedir.htm>closedir</a>, +<a href=rewinddir.htm>rewinddir</a>, +<a href=seekdir.htm>seekdir</a>, +<a href=telldir.htm>telldir</a>, +<a href=scandir.htm>scandir</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 11 June 1995 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/pause.htm b/reference/C/MAN/pause.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82ffc2a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/pause.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>pause</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>PAUSE(2) Linux Programmer's Manual PAUSE(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> pause - wait for signal + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include<unistd.h> + + int pause(void); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> pause causes the process to sleep until a signal is + received. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> pause always returns -1, and errno is set to ERESTARTNO- + HAND. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EINTR signal was received. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=kill.htm>kill</a>, +<a href=select.htm>select</a>, +<a href=signal.htm>signal</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux March 28, 1992 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/perlembed.htm b/reference/C/MAN/perlembed.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2609362 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/perlembed.htm @@ -0,0 +1,885 @@ +<TITLE>perlembed</TITLE> +<body background=/C_ref/GRAPHICS/bg1.gif> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> PREAMBLE + + Do you want to: + + Use C from Perl? + Read the perlcall manpage and the perlxs manpage. + + Use a UNIX program from Perl? + Read about backquotes and the system entry in the + perlfunc manpage and the exec entry in the perlfunc + manpage. + + Use Perl from Perl? + Read about the do entry in the perlfunc manpage and + the eval entry in the perlfunc manpage and the use + entry in the perlmod manpage and the require entry in + the perlmod manpage. + + Use C from C? + Rethink your design. + + Use Perl from C? + Read on... + + ROADMAP + + the section on Compiling your C program + + There's one example in each of the five sections: + + the section on Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program + + the section on Calling a Perl subroutine from your C + program + + the section on Evaluating a Perl statement from your C + program + + the section on Performing Perl pattern matches and + substitutions from your C program + + the section on Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C + program + + This documentation is UNIX specific. + + Compiling your C program + + Every C program that uses Perl must link in the perl + library. + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + What's that, you ask? Perl is itself written in C; the + perl library is the collection of compiled C programs that + were used to create your perl executable (/usr/bin/perl or + equivalent). (Corollary: you can't use Perl from your C + program unless Perl has been compiled on your machine, or + installed properly--that's why you shouldn't blithely copy + Perl executables from machine to machine without also + copying the lib directory.) + + Your C program will--usually--allocate, "run", and + deallocate a PerlInterpreter object, which is defined in + the perl library. + + If your copy of Perl is recent enough to contain this + documentation (5.002 or later), then the perl library (and + EXTERN.h and perl.h, which you'll also need) will reside + in a directory resembling this: + + /usr/local/lib/perl5/your_architecture_here/CORE + + or perhaps just + + /usr/local/lib/perl5/CORE + + or maybe something like + + /usr/opt/perl5/CORE + + Execute this statement for a hint about where to find + CORE: + + perl -e 'use Config; print $Config{archlib}' + + Here's how you might compile the example in the next + section, the section on Adding a Perl interpreter to your + C program, on a DEC Alpha running the OSF operating + system: + + % cc -o interp interp.c -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/CORE + -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/CORE -lperl -lm + + You'll have to choose the appropriate compiler (cc, gcc, + et al.) and library directory (/usr/local/lib/...) for + your machine. If your compiler complains that certain + functions are undefined, or that it can't locate -lperl, + then you need to change the path following the -L. If it + complains that it can't find EXTERN.h or perl.h, you need + to change the path following the -I. + + You may have to add extra libraries as well. Which ones? + Perhaps those printed by + + perl -e 'use Config; print $Config{libs}' + + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + Adding a Perl interpreter to youur C program + + In a sense, perl (the C program) is a good example of + embedding Perl (the language), so I'll demonstrate + embedding with miniperlmain.c, from the source + distribution. Here's a bastardized, non-portable version + of miniperlmain.c containing the essentials of embedding: + + #include <stdio.h> + #include <EXTERN.h> /* from the Perl distribution */ + #include <perl.h> /* from the Perl distribution */ + + static PerlInterpreter *my_perl; /*** The Perl interpreter ***/ + + int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env) + { + my_perl = perl_alloc(); + perl_construct(my_perl); + perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, env); + perl_run(my_perl); + perl_destruct(my_perl); + perl_free(my_perl); + } + + Now compile this program (I'll call it interp.c) into an + executable: + + % cc -o interp interp.c -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/CORE + -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/CORE -lperl -lm + + After a successful compilation, you'll be able to use + interp just like perl itself: + + % interp + print "Pretty Good Perl \n"; + print "10890 - 9801 is ", 10890 - 9801; + <CTRL-D> + Pretty Good Perl + 10890 - 9801 is 1089 + + or + + % interp -e 'printf("%x", 3735928559)' + deadbeef + + You can also read and execute Perl statements from a file + while in the midst of your C program, by placing the + filename in argv[1] before calling perl_run(). + + Calling a Perl subroutine from yyour C program + + To call individual Perl subroutines, you'll need to remove + the call to perl_run() and replace it with a call to + perl_call_argv(). + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 3 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + That's shown below, in a program I'll call showtime.c. + + #include <stdio.h> + #include <EXTERN.h> + #include <perl.h> + + static PerlInterpreter *my_perl; + + int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env) + { + my_perl = perl_alloc(); + perl_construct(my_perl); + + perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, env); + + /*** This replaces perl_run() ***/ + perl_call_argv("showtime", G_DISCARD | G_NOARGS, argv); + perl_destruct(my_perl); + perl_free(my_perl); + } + + where showtime is a Perl subroutine that takes no + arguments (that's the G_NOARGS) and for which I'll ignore + the return value (that's the G_DISCARD). Those flags, and + others, are discussed in the perlcall manpage. + + I'll define the showtime subroutine in a file called + showtime.pl: + + print "I shan't be printed."; + + sub showtime { + print time; + } + + Simple enough. Now compile and run: + + % cc -o showtime showtime.c -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/CORE + -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/CORE -lperl -lm + + % showtime showtime.pl + 818284590 + + yielding the number of seconds that elapsed between + January 1, 1970 (the beginning of the UNIX epoch), and the + moment I began writing this sentence. + + If you want to pass some arguments to the Perl subroutine, + or you want to access the return value, you'll need to + manipulate the Perl stack, demonstrated in the last + section of this document: the section on Fiddling with the + Perl stack from your C program + + + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 4 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + Evaluating a Perl statement fr<h3>om your C program +</h3> + NOTE: This section, and the next, employ some very brittle + techniques for evaluting strings of Perl code. Perl 5.002 + contains some nifty features that enable A Better Way + (such as with the perl_eval_sv entry in the perlguts + manpage). Look for updates to this document soon. + + One way to evaluate a Perl string is to define a function + (we'll call ours perl_eval()) that wraps around Perl's the + eval entry in the perlfunc manpage. + + Arguably, this is the only routine you'll ever need to + execute snippets of Perl code from within your C program. + Your string can be as long as you wish; it can contain + multiple statements; it can use the require entry in the + perlmod manpage or the do entry in the perlfunc manpage to + include external Perl files. + + Our perl_eval() lets us evaluate individual Perl strings, + and then extract variables for coercion into C types. The + following program, string.c, executes three Perl strings, + extracting an int from the first, a float from the second, + and a char * from the third. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 5 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + #include <stdio.h> + #include <EXTERN.h> + #include <perl.h> + + static PerlInterpreter *my_perl; + + int perl_eval(char *string) + { + char *argv[2]; + argv[0] = string; + argv[1] = NULL; + perl_call_argv("_eval_", 0, argv); + } + + main (int argc, char **argv, char **env) + { + char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "sub _eval_ { eval $_[0] }" }; + STRLEN length; + + my_perl = perl_alloc(); + perl_construct( my_perl ); + + perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, env); + + /** Treat $a as an integer **/ + perl_eval("$a = 3; $a **= 2"); + printf("a = %d\n", SvIV(perl_get_sv("a", FALSE))); + + /** Treat $a as a float **/ + perl_eval("$a = 3.14; $a **= 2"); + printf("a = %f\n", SvNV(perl_get_sv("a", FALSE))); + + /** Treat $a as a string **/ + perl_eval("$a = 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'; $a = reverse($a); "); + printf("a = %s\n", SvPV(perl_get_sv("a", FALSE), length)); + + perl_destruct(my_perl); + perl_free(my_perl); + } + + All of those strange functions with sv in their names help + convert Perl scalars to C types. They're described in the + perlguts manpage. + + If you compile and run string.c, you'll see the results of + using SvIV() to create an int, SvNV() to create a float, + and SvPV() to create a string: + + a = 9 + a = 9.859600 + a = Just Another Perl Hacker + + + + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 6 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + Performing Perl pattern matche<h3>s and substitutions from +</h3> your C program + + Our perl_eval() lets us evaluate strings of Perl code, so + we can define some functions that use it to "specialize" + in matches and substitutions: match(), substitute(), and + matches(). + + char match(char *string, char *pattern); + + Given a string and a pattern (e.g. "m/clasp/" or + "/\b\w*\b/", which in your program might be represented as + "/\\b\\w*\\b/"), returns 1 if the string matches the + pattern and 0 otherwise. + + int substitute(char *string[], char *pattern); + + Given a pointer to a string and an "=~" operation (e.g. + "s/bob/robert/g" or "tr[A-Z][a-z]"), modifies the string + according to the operation, returning the number of + substitutions made. + + int matches(char *string, char *pattern, char **matches[]); + + Given a string, a pattern, and a pointer to an empty array + of strings, evaluates $string =~ $pattern in an array + context, and fills in matches with the array elements + (allocating memory as it does so), returning the number of + matches found. + + Here's a sample program, match.c, that uses all three: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 7 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + #include <stdio.h> + #include <EXTERN.h> + #include <perl.h> + + static PerlInterpreter *my_perl; + + int eval(char *string) + { + char *argv[2]; + argv[0] = string; + argv[1] = NULL; + perl_call_argv("_eval_", 0, argv); + } + + /** match(string, pattern) + ** + ** Used for matches in a scalar context. + ** + ** Returns 1 if the match was successful; 0 otherwise. + **/ + char match(char *string, char *pattern) + { + char *command; + command = malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(string) + strlen(pattern) + 37); + sprintf(command, "$string = '%s'; $return = $string =~ %s", + string, pattern); + perl_eval(command); + free(command); + return SvIV(perl_get_sv("return", FALSE)); + } + + /** substitute(string, pattern) + ** + ** Used for =~ operations that modify their left-hand side (s/// and tr///) + ** + ** Returns the number of successful matches, and + ** modifies the input string if there were any. + **/ + int substitute(char *string[], char *pattern) + { + char *command; + STRLEN length; + command = malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(*string) + strlen(pattern) + 35); + sprintf(command, "$string = '%s'; $ret = ($string =~ %s)", + *string, pattern); + perl_eval(command); + free(command); + *string = SvPV(perl_get_sv("string", FALSE), length); + return SvIV(perl_get_sv("ret", FALSE)); + } + + /** matches(string, pattern, matches) + ** + ** Used for matches in an array context. + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 8 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + ** + ** Returns the number of matches, + ** and fills in **matches with the matching substrings (allocates memory!) + **/ + int matches(char *string, char *pattern, char **matches[]) + { + char *command; + SV *current_match; + AV *array; + I32 num_matches; + STRLEN length; + int i; + + command = malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(string) + strlen(pattern) + 38); + sprintf(command, "$string = '%s'; @array = ($string =~ %s)", + string, pattern); + perl_eval(command); + free(command); + array = perl_get_av("array", FALSE); + num_matches = av_len(array) + 1; /** assume $[ is 0 **/ + *matches = (char **) malloc(sizeof(char *) * num_matches); + for (i = 0; i <= num_matches; i++) { + current_match = av_shift(array); + (*matches)[i] = SvPV(current_match, length); + } + return num_matches; + } + + main (int argc, char **argv, char **env) + { + char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "sub _eval_ { eval $_[0] }" }; + char *text, **matches; + int num_matches, i; + int j; + + my_perl = perl_alloc(); + perl_construct( my_perl ); + + perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, env); + + text = (char *) malloc(sizeof(char) * 486); /** A long string follows! **/ + sprintf(text, "%s", "When he is at a convenience store and the bill comes to some amount like 76 cents, Maynard is aware that there is something he *should* do, something that will enable him to get back a quarter, but he has no idea *what*. He fumbles through his red squeezey changepurse and gives the boy three extra pennies with his dollar, hoping that he might luck into the corre<h3>ct amount. The boy gives him back two of his own pennies and then the big shiny quarter that is his prize. -RICHH"); +</h3> + if (perl_match(text, "m/quarter/")) /** Does text contain 'quarter'? **/ + printf("perl_match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.\n\n"); + else + printf("perl_match: Text doesn't contain the word 'quarter'.\n\n"); + + if (perl_match(text, "m/eighth/")) /** Does text contain 'eighth'? **/ + printf("perl_match: Text contains the word 'eighth'.\n\n"); + else + printf("perl_match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.\n\n"); + + /** Match all occurrences of /wi../ **/ + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 9 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + num_matches = perl_matches(text, "m/(wi..)/g", &matches); + + printf("perl_matches: m/(wi..)/g found %d matches...\n", num_matches); + for (i = 0; i < num_matches; i++) + printf("match: %s\n", matches[i]); + printf("\n"); + for (i = 0; i < num_matches; i++) { + free(matches[i]); + } + free(matches); + + /** Remove all vowels from text **/ + num_matches = perl_substitute(&text, "s/[aeiou]//gi"); + if (num_matches) { + printf("perl_substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...%d substitutions made.\n", + num_matches); + printf("Now text is: %s\n\n", text); + } + + /** Attempt a substitution + if (!perl_substitute(&text, "s/Perl/C/")) { + printf("perl_substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.\n\n"); + } + + free(text); + + perl_destruct(my_perl); + perl_free(my_perl); + } + + which produces the output + + perl_match: Text contains the word 'quarter'. + + perl_match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'. + + perl_matches: m/(wi..)/g found 2 matches... + match: will + match: with + + perl_substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...139 substitutions made. + Now text is: Whn h s t cnvnnc str nd th bll cms t sm mnt lk 76 cnts, Mynrd s wr tht thr s smthng h *shld* d, smthng tht wll nbl hm t gt bck qrtr, bt h hs n d *wht*. H fmbls thrgh hs rd s<h3>qzy chngprs nd gvs th by thr xtr pnns wth hs dllr, hpng tht h mght lck nt th crrct mnt. Th by gvs hm bck tw f hs wn pnns nd thn th bg shny qrtr tht s hs prz. -RCHH +</h3> + perl_substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made. + + =head2 Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program + + When trying to explain stacks, most computer science + textbooks mumble something about spring-loaded columns of + cafeteria plates: the last thing you pushed on the stack + is the first thing you pop off. That'll do for our + purposes: your C program will push some arguments onto + "the Perl stack", shut its eyes while some magic happens, + and then pop the results--the return value of your Perl + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 10 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + subroutine--off the stack. + + First you'll need to know how to convert between C types + and Perl types, with newSViv() and sv_setnv() and newAV() + and all their friends. They're described in the perlguts + manpage. + + Then you'll need to know how to manipulate the Perl stack. + That's described in the perlcall manpage. + + Once you've understood those, embedding Perl in C is easy. + + Since C has no built-in function for integer + exponentiation, let's make Perl's ** operator available to + it (this is less useful than it sounds, since Perl + implements ** with C's pow() function). First I'll create + a stub exponentiation function in power.pl: + + sub expo { + my ($a, $b) = @_; + return $a ** $b; + } + + Now I'll create a C program, power.c, with a function + PerlPower() that contains all the perlguts necessary to + push the two arguments into expo() and to pop the return + value out. Take a deep breath... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 11 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + + #include <stdio.h> + #include <EXTERN.h> + #include <perl.h> + + static PerlInterpreter *my_perl; + + static void + PerlPower(int a, int b) + { + dSP; /* initialize stack pointer */ + ENTER; /* everything created after here */ + SAVETMPS; /* ...is a temporary variable. */ + PUSHMARK(sp); /* remember the stack pointer */ + XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(a))); /* push the base onto the stack */ + XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(b))); /* push the exponent onto stack */ + PUTBACK; /* make local stack pointer global */ + perl_call_pv("expo", G_SCALAR); /* call the function */ + SPAGAIN; /* refresh stack pointer */ + /* pop the return value from stack */ + printf ("%d to the %dth power is %d.\n", a, b, POPi); + PUTBACK; + FREETMPS; /* free that return value */ + LEAVE; /* ...and the XPUSHed "mortal" args.*/ + } + + int main (int argc, char **argv, char **env) + { + char *my_argv[2]; + + my_perl = perl_alloc(); + perl_construct( my_perl ); + + my_argv[1] = (char *) malloc(10); + sprintf(my_argv[1], "power.pl"); + + perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, my_argv, env); + + PerlPower(3, 4); /*** Compute 3 ** 4 ***/ + + perl_destruct(my_perl); + perl_free(my_perl); + } + + + Compile and run: + + % cc -o power power.c -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/CORE + -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/CORE -lperl -lm + + % power + 3 to the 4th power is 81. + + + + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 12 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PERLEMBED(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEMBED(1) +</h3> + +<h3>MORAL +</h3> You can sometimes write faster code in C, but you can + always write code faster in Perl. Since you can use each + from the other, combine them as you wish. + +<h3>AUTHOR +</h3> Jon Orwant <orwant@media.mit.edu>, with contributions from + Tim Bunce, Tom Christiansen, Dov Grobgeld, and Ilya + Zakharevich. + + December 18, 1995 + + Some of this material is excerpted from my book: Perl 5 + Interactive, Waite Group Press, 1996 (ISBN 1-57169-064-6) + and appears courtesy of Waite Group Press. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>30/Jan/96 perl 5.003 with 13 +</h3> + +</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border="2" width="80%"> +<tr align=center> +<td width="25%"> +<a href="../cref.html">Top</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../master_index.html">Master Index</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../SYNTAX/keywords.html">Keywords</a> +</td><td width="25%"> +<a href="../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm">Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/perror.htm b/reference/C/MAN/perror.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9fec91e --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/perror.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>perror</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>PERROR(3) Library functions PERROR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> perror - print a system error message + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + void perror(const char *s); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> perror produces a message on the standard error output, + describing the last error encountered during a call to a + system or library function. The argument string s is + printed first, then a colon and a blank, then the message + and a new-line. To be of most use, the argument string + should include the name of the program that incurred the + error. The error number is taken from the external vari- + able errno, which is set when errors occur but not cleared + when non-erroneous calls are made. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> ANSI C, POSIX + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=errno.htm>errno</a>, +<a href=strerror.htm>strerror</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + March 16, 1995 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/printf.htm b/reference/C/MAN/printf.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb8bf95 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/printf.htm @@ -0,0 +1,362 @@ +<TITLE>printf</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> printf, fprintf, sprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, vsprintf - + formatted output conversion + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int printf( const char *format, ...); + int fprintf( FILE *stream, const char *format, ...); + int sprintf( char *str, const char *format, ...); + + #include <stdarg.h> + + int vprintf( const char *format, va_list ap); + int vfprintf( FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list + ap); + int vsprintf( char *str, char *format, va_list ap); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The printf family of functions produces output according + to a format as described below. Printf and vprintf write + output to stdout, the standard output stream; fprintf and + vfprintf write output to the given output stream; sprintf, + and vsprintf write to the character string str. These + functions write the output under the control of a format + string that specifies how subsequent arguments (or argu- + ments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities + of stdarg(3) are converted for output. These functions + return the number of characters printed (not including the + trailing `\0' used to end output to strings). + + The format string is composed of zero or more directives: + ordinary characters (not %), which are copied unchanged to + the output stream; and conversion specifications, each of + which results in fetching zero or more subsequent argu- + ments. Each conversion specification is introduced by the + character %. The arguments must correspond properly + (after type promotion) with the conversion specifier. + After the %, the following appear in sequence: + + o Zero or more of the following flags: + + # specifying that the value should be con- + verted to an ``alternate form''. For c, d, + i, n, p, s, and u conversions, this option + has no effect. For o conversions, the pre- + cision of the number is increased to force + the first character of the output string to + a zero (except if a zero value is printed + with an explicit precision of zero). For x + and X conversions, a non-zero result has the + string `0x' (or `0X' for X conversions) + prepended to it. For e, E, f, g, and G con- + versions, the result will always contain a + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3) +</h3> + + decimal point, even if no digits follow it + (normally, a decimal point appears in the + results of those conversions only if a digit + follows). For g and G conversions, trailing + zeros are not removed from the result as + they would otherwise be. + + 0 specifying zero padding. For all conver- + sions except n, the converted value is + padded on the left with zeros rather than + blanks. If a precision is given with a + numeric conversion (d, i, o, u, i, x, and + X), the 0 flag is ignored. + + - (a negative field width flag) indicates the + converted value is to be left adjusted on + the field boundary. Except for n conver- + sions, the converted value is padded on the + right with blanks, rather than on the left + with blanks or zeros. A - overrides a 0 if + both are given. + + (a space) specifying that a blank should be + left before a positive number produced by a + signed conversion (d, e, E, f, g, G, or i). + + + specifying that a sign always be placed + before a number produced by a signed conver- + sion. A + overrides a space if both are + used. + + o An optional decimal digit string specifying a mini- + mum field width. If the converted value has fewer + characters than the field width, it will be padded + with spaces on the left (or right, if the left- + adjustment flag has been given) to fill out the + field width. + + o An optional precision, in the form of a period + (`.') followed by an optional digit string. If + the digit string is omitted, the precision is taken + as zero. This gives the minimum number of digits + to appear for d, i, o, u, x, and X conversions, the + number of digits to appear after the decimal-point + for e, E, and f conversions, the maximum number of + significant digits for g and G conversions, or the + maximum number of characters to be printed from a + string for s conversions. + + o The optional character h, specifying that a follow- + ing d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion corresponds to a + short int or unsigned short int argument, or that a + following n conversion corresponds to a pointer to + a short int argument. + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3) +</h3> + + o The optional character l (ell) specifying that a + following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion applies to + a pointer to a long int or unsigned long int argu- + ment, or that a following n conversion corresponds + to a pointer to a long int argument. + + o The character L specifying that a following e, E, + f, g, or G conversion corresponds to a long double + argument. + + o A character that specifies the type of conversion + to be applied. + + A field width or precision, or both, may be indicated by + an asterisk `*' instead of a digit string. In this case, + an int argument supplies the field width or precision. A + negative field width is treated as a left adjustment flag + followed by a positive field width; a negative precision + is treated as though it were missing. + + The conversion specifiers and their meanings are: + + diouxX The int (or appropriate variant) argument is con- + verted to signed decimal (d and i), unsigned octal + (o, unsigned decimal (u, or unsigned hexadecimal (x + and X) notation. The letters abcdef are used for x + conversions; the letters ABCDEF are used for X con- + versions. The precision, if any, gives the minimum + number of digits that must appear; if the converted + value requires fewer digits, it is padded on the + left with zeros. + + DOU The long int argument is converted to signed deci- + mal, unsigned octal, or unsigned decimal, as if the + format had been ld, lo, or lu respectively. These + conversion characters are deprecated, and will + eventually disappear. + + eE The double argument is rounded and converted in the + style [-]d.dddedd where there is one digit before + the decimal-point character and the number of dig- + its after it is equal to the precision; if the pre- + cision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the preci- + sion is zero, no decimal-point character appears. + An E conversion uses the letter E (rather than e) + to introduce the exponent. The exponent always + contains at least two digits; if the value is zero, + the exponent is 00. + + f The double argument is rounded and converted to + decimal notation in the style [-]ddd.ddd, where the + number of digits after the decimal-point character + is equal to the precision specification. If the + precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 3 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3) +</h3> + + precision is explicitly zero, no decimal-point + character appears. If a decimal point appears, at + least one digit appears before it. + + g The double argument is converted in style f or e + (or E for G conversions). The precision specifies + the number of significant digits. If the precision + is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is + zero, it is treated as 1. Style e is used if the + exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or + greater than or equal to the precision. Trailing + zeros are removed from the fractional part of the + result; a decimal point appears only if it is fol- + lowed by at least one digit. + + c The int argument is converted to an unsigned char, + and the resulting character is written. + + s The ``char *'' argument is expected to be a pointer + to an array of character type (pointer to a + string). Characters from the array are written up + to (but not including) a terminating NUL character; + if a precision is specified, no more than the num- + ber specified are written. If a precision is + given, no null character need be present; if the + precision is not specified, or is greater than the + size of the array, the array must contain a termi- + nating NUL character. + + p The ``void *'' pointer argument is printed in hex- + adecimal (as if by %#x or %#lx). + + n The number of characters written so far is stored + into the integer indicated by the ``int *'' (or + variant) pointer argument. No argument is con- + verted. + + % A `%' is written. No argument is converted. The + complete conversion specification is `%%'. + + In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause + truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is + wider than the field width, the field is expanded to con- + tain the conversion result. + + +<h3>EXAMPLES +</h3> To print a date and time in the form `Sunday, July 3, + 10:02', where weekday and month are pointers to strings: + #include <stdio.h> + fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n", + weekday, month, day, hour, min); + + To print to five decimal places: + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 4 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3) +</h3> + + #include <math.h> + #include <stdio.h> + fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0)); + + To allocate a 128 byte string and print into it: + #include <stdio.h> + #include <stdlib.h> + #include <stdarg.h> + char *newfmt(const char *fmt, ...) + { + char *p; + va_list ap; + if ((p = malloc(128)) == NULL) + return (NULL); + va_start(ap, fmt); + (void) vsnprintf(p, 128, fmt, ap); + va_end(ap); + return (p); + } + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=printf.htm>printf</a>, +<a href=scanf.htm>scanf</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The fprintf, printf, sprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, and + vsprintf functions conform to ANSI C3.159-1989 (``ANSI + C''). + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Some floating point conversions under Linux cause memory + leaks. + + The conversion formats %D, %O, and %U are not standard and + are provided only for backward compatibility. These may + not be provided under Linux. + + The effect of padding the %p format with zeros (either by + the 0 flag or by specifying a precision), and the benign + effect (i.e., none) of the # flag on %n and %p conver- + sions, as well as other nonsensical combinations such as + %Ld, are not standard; such combinations should be + avoided. + + Because sprintf and vsprintf assume an infinitely long + string, callers must be careful not to overflow the actual + space; this is often impossible to assure. + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 5 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/putenv.htm b/reference/C/MAN/putenv.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8669e32 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/putenv.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>putenv</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>PUTENV(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PUTENV(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> putenv - change or add an environment variable + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + int putenv(const char *string); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The putenv() function adds or changes the value of envi- + ronment variables. The argument string is of the form + name = value. If name does not already exist in the envi- + ronment, then string is added to the environment. If name + does exist, then the value of name in the environment is + changed to value. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The putenv() function returns zero on success, or -1 if an + error occurs. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> ENOMEM Insufficient space to allocate new environment. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getenv.htm>getenv</a>, +<a href=setenv.htm>setenv</a>, +<a href=unsetenv.htm>unsetenv</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 8, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/putpwent.htm b/reference/C/MAN/putpwent.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a639ef --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/putpwent.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>putpwent</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>PUTPWENT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PUTPWENT(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> putpwent - write a password file entry + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <pwd.h> + #include <stdio.h> + #include <sys/types.h> + + int putpwent(const struct passwd *p, FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The putpwent() function writes a password entry from the + structure p in the file associated with stream. + + The passwd structure is defined in <pwd.h> as follows: + + struct passwd { + char *pw_name; /* user name */ + char *pw_passwd; /* user password */ + uid_t pw_uid; /* user id */ + gid_t pw_gid; /* group id */ + char *pw_gecos; /* real name */ + char *pw_dir; /* home directory */ + char *pw_shell; /* shell program */ + }; + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The putpwent() function returns 0 on success, or -1 if an + error occurs. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EINVAL Invalid (NULL) argument given. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=fgetpwent.htm>fgetpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwent.htm>getpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwent.htm>setpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwent.htm>endpwent</a>, +<a href=getpwnam.htm>getpwuid</a>, +<a href=getpw.htm>getpw</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 9, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/puts.htm b/reference/C/MAN/puts.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc037e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/puts.htm @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +<TITLE>puts</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>PUTS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PUTS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fputc, fputs, putc, putchar, puts - output of characters + and strings + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int fputc(int c, FILE *stream); + int fputs(const char *s, FILE *stream); + int putc(int c, FILE *stream); + int putchar(int c); + int puts(char *s); + int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> fputc() writes the character c, cast to an unsigned char, + to stream. + + fputs() writes the string s to stream, without its trail- + ing '\0'. + + putc() is equivalent to fputc() except that it may be + implemented as a macro which evaluates stream more than + once. + + putchar(c); is equivalent to putc(c,stdout). + + puts() writes the string s and a trailing newline to std- + out. + + Calls to the functions described here can be mixed with + each other and with calls to other output functions from + the stdio library for the same output stream. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> fputc(), putc() and putchar() return the character written + as an unsigned char cast to an int or EOF on error. + + puts() and fputs() return a non - negative number on suc- + cess, or EOF on error. + + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI - C, POSIX.1 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> It is not advisable to mix calls to output functions from + the stdio library with low - level calls to write() for + the file descriptor associated with the same output + stream; the results will be undefined and very probably + not what you want. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=write.htm>write</a>, +<a href=fopen.htm>fopen</a>, +<a href=fwrite.htm>fwrite</a>, +<a href=scanf.htm>scanf</a>, +<a href=gets.htm>gets</a>, +<pre> + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PUTS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PUTS(3) +</h3> + + fseek(3), ferror(3) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/raise.htm b/reference/C/MAN/raise.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6050ae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/raise.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>raise</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>RAISE(3) Linux Programmer's Manual RAISE(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> raise - send a signal. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <signal.h> + + int raise (int sig); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> raise() sends a signal to the current process. It is + equivalent to kill(getpid(),sig) + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> Zero for success, nonzero for failure. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI - C + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=kill.htm>kill</a>, +<a href=signal.htm>signal</a>, +<a href=getpid.htm>getpid</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/rand.htm b/reference/C/MAN/rand.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1de27c --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/rand.htm @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +<TITLE>rand</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>RAND(3) Linux Programmer's Manual RAND(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> rand, srand - random number generator. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + int rand(void); + + void srand(unsigned int seed); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The rand() function returns a pseudo-random integer + between 0 and RAND_MAX. + + The srand() function sets its argument as the seed for a + new sequence of pseudo-random integers to be returned by + rand(). These sequences are repeatable by calling srand() + with the same seed value. + + If no seed value is provided, the rand() function is auto- + matically seeded with a value of 1. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The rand() function returns a value between 0 and + RAND_MAX. The srand() returns no value. + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> The versions of rand() and srand() in the Linux C Library + use the same random number generator as random() and sran- + dom(), so the lower-order bits should be as random as the + higher-order bits. However, on older rand() implementa- + tions, the lower-order bits are much less random than the + higher-order bits. + + In Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing + (William H. Press, Brian P. Flannery, Saul A. Teukolsky, + William T. Vetterling; New York: Cambridge University + Press, 1990 (1st ed, p. 207)), the following comments are + made: + "If you want to generate a random integer between 1 + and 10, you should always do it by + + j=1+(int) (10.0*rand()/(RAND_MAX+1.0)); + + and never by anything resembling + + j=1+((int) (1000000.0*rand()) % 10); + + (which uses lower-order bits)." + + Random-number generation is a complex topic. The Numeri- + cal Recipes in C book (see reference above) provides an + excellent discussion of practical random-number generation + issues in Chapter 7 (Random Numbers). + + + +<h3>GNU 18 May 1995 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>RAND(3) Linux Programmer's Manual RAND(3) +</h3> + + For a more theoretical discussion which also covers many + practical issues in depth, please see Chapter 3 (Random + Numbers) in Donald E. Knuth's The Art of Computer Program- + ming, volume 2 (Seminumerical Algorithms), 2nd ed.; Read- + ing, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, + 1981. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=random.htm>random</a>, +<a href=srandom.htm>srandom</a>, +<a href=initstate.htm>initstate</a>, +<a href=setstate.htm>setstate</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU 18 May 1995 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/readdir.htm b/reference/C/MAN/readdir.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39b3d23 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/readdir.htm @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +<TITLE>readdir</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>READDIR(2) Linux Programmer's Manual READDIR(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> readdir - read directory entry + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + #include <linux/dirent.h> + #include <linux/unistd.h> + + _syscall3(int, readdir, uint, fd, struct dirent *, dirp, uint, count); + + int readdir(unsigned int fd, struct dirent *dirp, unsigned int count); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> This is not the function you are interested in. Look at + readdir(3) for the POSIX conforming C library interface. + This page documents the bare kernel system call interface, + which can change, and which is superseded by getdents(2). + + readdir reads one dirent structure from the directory + pointed at by fd into the memory area pointed to by dirp. + The parameter count is ignored; at most one dirent struc- + ture is read. + + The dirent structure is declared as follows: + + struct dirent + { + long d_ino; /* inode number */ + off_t d_off; /* offset to this dirent */ + unsigned short d_reclen; /* length of this d_name */ + char d_name [NAME_MAX+1]; /* file name (null-terminated) */ + } + + d_ino is an inode number. d_off is the distance from the + start of the directory to this dirent. d_reclen is the + size of d_name, not counting the null terminator. d_name + is a null-terminated file name. + + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, 1 is returned. On end of directory, 0 is + returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set + appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF Invalid file descriptor fd. + + ENOTDIR + File descriptor does not refer to a directory. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> This system call is Linux specific. + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.3.6 22 July 1995 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>READDIR(2) Linux Programmer's Manual READDIR(2) +</h3> + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getdents.htm>getdents</a>, +<a href=readdir.htm>readdir</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.3.6 22 July 1995 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/realloc.htm b/reference/C/MAN/realloc.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..359cb98 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/realloc.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>realloc</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>MALLOC(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MALLOC(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> calloc, malloc, free, realloc - Allocate and free dynamic + memory + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + void *calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size); + void *malloc(size_t size); + void free(void *ptr); + void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> calloc() allocates memory for an array of nmemb elements + of size bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated + memory. The memory is set to zero. + + malloc() allocates size bytes and returns a pointer to the + allocated memory. The memory is not cleared. + + free() frees the memory space pointed to by ptr, which + must have been returned by a previous call to malloc(), + calloc() or realloc(). If ptr is NULL, no operation is + performed. + + realloc() changes the size of the memory block pointed to + by ptr to size bytes. The contents will be unchanged to + the minimum of the old an new sizes; newly allocated mem- + ory will be uninitialized. If ptr is NULL, the call is + equivalent to malloc(size); if size is equal to zero, the + call is equivalent to free(ptr). Unless ptr is NULL, it + must have been returned by an earlier call to malloc(), + calloc() or realloc(). + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> For calloc() and malloc(), the value returned is a pointer + to the allocated memory, which is suitably aligned for any + kind of variable, or NULL if the request fails. + + free() returns no value. + + realloc() returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, + which is suitably aligned for any kind of variable and may + be different from ptr, or NULL if the request fails or if + size was equal to 0. If realloc() fails the original + block is left untouched - it is not freed or moved. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI - C + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=brk.htm>brk</a>, +<pre> + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/remove.htm b/reference/C/MAN/remove.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e7146b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/remove.htm @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +<TITLE>remove</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>REMOVE(3) GNU REMOVE(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> remove - delete a name and possibly the file it refers to + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int remove(const char *pathname); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> remove deletes a name from the filesystem. If that name + was the last link to a file and no processes have the file + open the file is deleted and the space it was using is + made available for reuse. + + If the name was the last link to a file but any processes + still have the file open the file will remain in existence + until the last file descriptor referring to it is closed. + + If the name referred to a symbolic link the link is + removed. + + If the name referred to a socket, fifo or device the name + for it is removed but processes which have the object open + may continue to use it. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EFAULT pathname points outside your accessible address + space. + + EACCES Write access to the directory containing pathname + is not allowed for the process's effective uid, or + one of the directories in pathname did not allow + search (execute) permission. + + EPERM The directory containing pathname has the sticky- + bit (S_ISVTX) set and the process's effective uid + is neither the uid of the file to be deleted nor + that of the directory containing it. + + ENAMETOOLONG + pathname was too long. + + ENOENT A directory component in pathname does not exist + or is a dangling symbolic link. + + ENOTDIR A component used as a directory in pathname is + not, in fact, a directory. + + EISDIR pathname refers to a directory. + + + + +<h3>Linux 13 July 1994 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>REMOVE(3) GNU REMOVE(3) +</h3> + + ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available. + + EROFS pathname refers to a file on a read-only filesys- + tem. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> In-felicities in the protocol underlying NFS can cause the + unexpected disappearance of files which are still being + used. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=unlink.htm>unlink</a>, +<a href=rename.htm>rename</a>, +<a href=open.htm>open</a>, +<a href=rmdir.htm>rmdir</a>, +<a href=mknod.htm>mknod</a>, +<a href=mkfifo.htm>mkfifo</a>, +<a href=link.htm>link</a>, +<a href=rm.htm>rm</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 13 July 1994 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/rename.htm b/reference/C/MAN/rename.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3c2e50 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/rename.htm @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +<TITLE>rename</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>RENAME(2) Linux Programmer's Manual RENAME(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> rename - change the name or location of a file + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int rename(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> rename renames a file, moving it between directories if + required. + + Any other hard links to the file (as created using link) + are unaffected. + + If newpath already exists it will be atomically overwrit- + ten (subject to a few conditions - see ERRORS below), so + that there is no point at which another process attempting + to access newpath will find it missing. + + If newpath exists but the operation fails for some reason + or the system crashes rename guarantees to leave an + instance of newpath in place. + + However, when overwriting there will probably be a window + in which both oldpath and newpath refer to the file being + renamed. + + If oldpath refers to a symbolic link the link is renamed; + if newpath refers to a symbolic link the link will be + overwritten. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EISDIR newpath is an existing directory, but oldpath is + not a directory. + + EXDEV oldpath and newpath are not on the same filesys- + tem. + + ENOTEMPTY + newpath is a non-empty directory. + + EBUSY newpath exists and is the current working direc- + tory or root directory of some process. + + EINVAL An attempt was made to make a directory a subdi- + rectory of itself. + + EMLINK oldpath already has the maximum number of links to + it, or it was a directory and the directory + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.7 24 July 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>RENAME(2) Linux Programmer's Manual RENAME(2) +</h3> + + containing newpath has the maximum number of + links. + + ENOTDIR A component used as a directory in oldpath or new- + path is not, in fact, a directory. + + EFAULT oldpath or newpath points outside your accessible + address space. + + EACCES Write access to the directory containing oldpath + or newpath is not allowed for the process's effec- + tive uid, or one of the directories in oldpath or + newpath did not allow search (execute) permission, + or oldpath was a directory and did not allow write + permission (needed to update the .. entry). + + EPERM The directory containing oldpath has the sticky + bit set and the process's effective uid is neither + the uid of the file to be deleted nor that of the + directory containing it, or the filesystem con- + taining pathname does not support renaming of the + type requested. + + ENAMETOOLONG + oldpath or newpath was too long. + + ENOENT A directory component in oldpath or newpath does + not exist or is a dangling symbolic link. + + ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available. + + EROFS The file is on a read-only filesystem. + + ELOOP oldpath or newpath contains a reference to a cir- + cular symbolic link, ie a symbolic link whose + expansion contains a reference to itself. + + ENOSPC The device containing the file has no room for the + new directory entry. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> POSIX, BSD 4.3, ANSI C + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Currently (Linux 0.99pl7) most of the filesystems except + Minix will not allow any overwriting renames involving + directories. You get EEXIST if you try. + + On NFS filesystems, you can not assume that only because + the operation failed, the file was not renamed. If the + server does the rename operation and then crashes, the + retransmitted RPC which will be processed when the server + is up again causes a failure. The application is expected + to deal with this. See link(2) for a similar problem. + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.7 24 July 1993 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>RENAME(2) Linux Programmer's Manual RENAME(2) +</h3> + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=link.htm>link</a>, +<a href=unlink.htm>unlink</a>, +<a href=symlink.htm>symlink</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.7 24 July 1993 3 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/rewinddir.htm b/reference/C/MAN/rewinddir.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ca61f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/rewinddir.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>rewinddir</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>REWINDDIR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual REWINDDIR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> rewinddir - reset directory stream + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <sys/types.h> + + #include <dirent.h> + + void rewinddir(DIR *dir); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The rewinddir() function resets the position of the direc- + tory stream dir to the beginning of the directory. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The readdir() function returns no value. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=opendir.htm>opendir</a>, +<a href=readdir.htm>readdir</a>, +<a href=closedir.htm>closedir</a>, +<a href=seekdir.htm>seekdir</a>, +<a href=telldir.htm>telldir</a>, +<a href=scandir.htm>scandir</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 11 June 1995 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/rmdir.htm b/reference/C/MAN/rmdir.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8a6f4d --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/rmdir.htm @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +<TITLE>rmdir</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>RMDIR(2) Linux Programmer's Manual RMDIR(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> rmdir - delete a directory + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int rmdir(const char *pathname); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> rmdir deletes a directory, which must be empty. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EPERM The filesystem containing pathname does not sup- + port the removal of directories. + + EFAULT pathname points outside your accessible address + space. + + EACCES Write access to the directory containing pathname + was not allowed for the process's effective uid, + or one of the directories in pathname did not + allow search (execute) permission. + + EPERM The directory containing pathname has the sticky- + bit (S_ISVTX) set and the process's effective uid + is neither the uid of the file to be deleted nor + that of the directory containing it. + + ENAMETOOLONG + pathname was too long. + + ENOENT A directory component in pathname does not exist + or is a dangling symbolic link. + + ENOTDIR pathname, or a component used as a directory in + pathname, is not, in fact, a directory. + + ENOTEMPTY + pathname contains entries other than . and .. . + + EBUSY pathname is the current working directory or root + directory of some process. + + ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available. + + EROFS pathname refers to a file on a read-only filesys- + tem. + + ELOOP pathname contains a reference to a circular sym- + bolic link, ie a symbolic link containing a + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.7 24 July 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>RMDIR(2) Linux Programmer's Manual RMDIR(2) +</h3> + + reference to itself. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, BSD 4.3 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS can cause the + unexpected disappearance of directories which are still + being used. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=rename.htm>rename</a>, +<a href=mkdir.htm>mkdir</a>, +<a href=chdir.htm>chdir</a>, +<a href=unlink.htm>unlink</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.7 24 July 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/scandir.htm b/reference/C/MAN/scandir.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9c9817 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/scandir.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>scandir</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SCANDIR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANDIR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> scandir, alphasort - scan a directory for matching entries + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <dirent.h> + + int scandir(const char *dir, struct dirent ***namelist, + int (*select)(const struct dirent *), + int (*compar)(const void *, const void *)); + + int alphasort(const struct dirent *a, const struct dirent *b); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The scandir() function scans the directory dir, calling + select() on each directory entry. Entries for which + select() returns non-zero are stored in strings allocated + via malloc(), sorted using qsort() with the comparison + function compar(), and collected in array namelist which + is allocated via malloc(). + + The alphasort() function can be used as the comparison + function for the scandir() function to sort the directory + entries into alphabetical order. Its parameters are the + two directory entries, a and b, to compare. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The scandir() function returns the number of directory + entries selected or -1 if an error occurs. + + The alphasort() function returns an integer less than, + equal to, or greater than zero if the first argument is + considered to be respectively less than, equal to, or + greater than the second. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> ENOMEM Insufficient memory to complete the operation. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=opendir.htm>opendir</a>, +<a href=readdir.htm>readdir</a>, +<a href=closedir.htm>closedir</a>, +<a href=rewinddir.htm>rewinddir</a>, +<a href=telldir.htm>telldir</a>, +<a href=seekdir.htm>seekdir</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU March 31, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/scanf.htm b/reference/C/MAN/scanf.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9f2e7a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/scanf.htm @@ -0,0 +1,365 @@ +<TITLE>scanf</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SCANF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANF(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> scanf, fscanf, sscanf, vscanf, vsscanf, vfscanf - input + format conversion + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + int scanf( const char *format, ...); + int fscanf( FILE *stream, const char *format, ...); + int sscanf( const char *str, const char *format, ...); + + #include <stdarg.h> + int vscanf( const char *format, va_list ap); + int vsscanf( const char *str, const char *format, va_list ap); + int vfscanf( FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list ap); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The scanf family of functions scans input according to a + format as described below. This format may contain con- + version specifiers; the results from such conversions, if + any, are stored through the pointer arguments. The scanf + function reads input from the standard input stream stdin, + fscanf reads input from the stream pointer stream, and + sscanf reads its input from the character string pointed + to by str. + + The vfscanf function is analogous to vfprintf(3) and reads + input from the stream pointer stream using a variable + argument list of pointers (see stdarg(3). The vscanf + function scans a variable argument list from the standard + input and the vsscanf function scans it from a string; + these are analogous to the vprintf and vsprintf functions + respectively. + + Each successive pointer argument must correspond properly + with each successive conversion specifier (but see `sup- + pression' below). All conversions are introduced by the % + (percent sign) character. The format string may also con- + tain other characters. White space (such as blanks, tabs, + or newlines) in the format string match any amount of + white space, including none, in the input. Everything + else matches only itself. Scanning stops when an input + character does not match such a format character. Scan- + ning also stops when an input conversion cannot be made + (see below). + +<h3>CONVERSIONS +</h3> Following the % character introducing a conversion there + may be a number of flag characters, as follows: + + * Suppresses assignment. The conversion that follows + occurs as usual, but no pointer is used; the result + of the conversion is simply discarded. + + h Indicates that the conversion will be one of dioux + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SCANF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANF(3) +</h3> + + or n and the next pointer is a pointer to a short + int (rather than int). + + l Indicates either that the conversion will be one of + dioux or n and the next pointer is a pointer to a + long int (rather than int), or that the conversion + will be one of efg and the next pointer is a + pointer to double (rather than float). + + L Indicates that the conversion will be efg and the + next pointer is a pointer to long double. (This + type is not implemented; the L flag is currently + ignored--this may not be true for Linux.) + + In addition to these flags, there may be an optional maxi- + mum field width, expressed as a decimal integer, between + the % and the conversion. If no width is given, a default + of `infinity' is used (with one exception, below); other- + wise at most this many characters are scanned in process- + ing the conversion. Before conversion begins, most con- + versions skip white space; this white space is not counted + against the field width. + + The following conversions are available: + + % Matches a literal `%'. That is, `%%' in the format + string matches a single input `%' character. No + conversion is done, and assignment does not occur. + + d Matches an optionally signed decimal integer; the + next pointer must be a pointer to int. + + D Equivalent to ld; this exists only for backwards + compatibility. + + i Matches an optionally signed integer; the next + pointer must be a pointer to int. The integer is + read in base 16 if it begins with `0x' or `0X', in + base 8 if it begins with `0', and in base 10 other- + wise. Only characters that correspond to the base + are used. + + o Matches an octal integer; the next pointer must be + a pointer to unsigned int. + + O Equivalent to lo; this exists for backwards compat- + ibility. + + u Matches an optionally signed decimal integer; the + next pointer must be a pointer to unsigned int. + + x Matches an optionally a signed hexadecimal integer; + the next pointer must be a pointer to unsigned int. + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SCANF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANF(3) +</h3> + + X Equivalent to lx; this violates the ANSI + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C'') but is backwards compati- + ble with previous UNIX systems--I don't know what + Linux does with this. + + f Matches an optionally signed floating-point number; + the next pointer must be a pointer to float. + + e Equivalent to f. + + g Equivalent to f. + + E Equivalent to lf; this violates the ANSI + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C'') but is backwards compati- + ble with previous UNIX systems--I don't know what + Linux does with this. + + F Equivalent to lf; this exists only for backwards + compatibility. + + s Matches a sequence of non-white-space characters; + the next pointer must be a pointer to char, and the + array must be large enough to accept all the + sequence and the terminating NUL character. The + input string stops at white space or at the maximum + field width, whichever occurs first. + + c Matches a sequence of width count characters + (default 1); the next pointer must be a pointer to + char, and there must be enough room for all the + characters (no terminating NUL is added). The + usual skip of leading white space is suppressed. + To skip white space first, use an explicit space in + the format. + + [ Matches a nonempty sequence of characters from the + specified set of accepted characters; the next + pointer must be a pointer to char, and there must + be enough room for all the characters in the + string, plus a terminating NUL character. The + usual skip of leading white space is suppressed. + The string is to be made up of characters in (or + not in) a particular set; the set is defined by the + characters between the open bracket [ character and + a close bracket ] character. The set excludes + those characters if the first character after the + open bracket is a circumflex ^. To include a close + bracket in the set, make it the first character + after the open bracket or the circumflex; any other + position will end the set. The hyphen character - + is also special; when placed between two other + characters, it adds all intervening characters to + the set. To include a hyphen, make it the last + character before the final close bracket. For + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 3 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SCANF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANF(3) +</h3> + + instance, `[^]0-9-]' means the set `everything + except close bracket, zero through nine, and + hyphen'. The string ends with the appearance of a + character not in the (or, with a circumflex, in) + set or when the field width runs out. + + p Matches a pointer value (as printed by `%p' in + printf(3); the next pointer must be a pointer to + void. + + n Nothing is expected; instead, the number of charac- + ters consumed thus far from the input is stored + through the next pointer, which must be a pointer + to int. This is not a conversion, although it can + be suppressed with the * flag. + + For backwards compatibility, other conversion characters + (except `\0') are taken as if they were `%d' or, if upper- + case, `%ld', and a `conversion' of `%\0' causes an immedi- + ate return of EOF. The F and X conversions will be + changed in the future to conform to the + ANSI C standard, after which they will act like and + respectively. The behavior of Linux on the non-standard + points is not known by this documenter. + + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> These functions return the number of input items assigned, + which can be fewer than provided for, or even zero, in the + event of a matching failure. Zero indicates that, while + there was input available, no conversions were assigned; + typically this is due to an invalid input character, such + as an alphabetic character for a `%d' conversion. The + value EOF is returned if an input failure occurs before + any conversion such as an end-of-file occurs. If an error + or end-of-file occurs after conversion has begun, the num- + ber of conversions which were successfully completed is + returned. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=strtol.htm>strtol</a>, +<a href=strtoul.htm>strtoul</a>, +<a href=strtod.htm>strtod</a>, +<a href=getc.htm>getc</a>, +<a href=printf.htm>printf</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The functions fscanf, scanf, and sscanf conform to ANSI + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C''). + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Differences for Linux are not known at this time. The + following is for the BSD version: + + The current situation with %F and %X conversions is unfor- + tunate. + + All of the backwards compatibility formats will be removed + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 4 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SCANF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SCANF(3) +</h3> + + in the future. + + Numerical strings are truncated to 512 characters; for + example, %f and %d are implicitly %512f and %512d. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 5 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/seekdir.htm b/reference/C/MAN/seekdir.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae8e4bf --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/seekdir.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>seekdir</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SEEKDIR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SEEKDIR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> seekdir - set the position of the next readdir() call in + the directory stream. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <dirent.h> + + void seekdir(DIR *dir, off_t offset); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The seekdir() function sets the location in the directory + stream from which the next readdir() call will start. + seekdir() should be used with an offset returned by + telldir(). + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The seekdir() function returns no value. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=lseek.htm>lseek</a>, +<a href=opendir.htm>opendir</a>, +<a href=readdir.htm>readdir</a>, +<a href=closedir.htm>closedir</a>, +<a href=dir.htm>dir</a>, +<a href=telldir.htm>telldir</a>, +<a href=scandir.htm>scandir</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + March 31, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/setbuf.htm b/reference/C/MAN/setbuf.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc4ddeb --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/setbuf.htm @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +<TITLE>setbuf</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETBUF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SETBUF(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setbuf, setbuffer, setlinebuf, setvbuf - stream buffering + operations + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int setbuf( FILE *stream, char *buf); + int setbuffer( FILE *stream, char *buf, size_tsize); + int setlinebuf( FILE *stream); + int setvbuf( FILE *stream, char *buf, int mode , size_t + size); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The three types of buffering available are unbuffered, + block buffered, and line buffered. When an output stream + is unbuffered, information appears on the destination file + or terminal as soon as written; when it is block buffered + many characters are saved up and written as a block; when + it is line buffered characters are saved up until a new- + line is output or input is read from any stream attached + to a terminal device (typically stdin). The function + fflush(3) may be used to force the block out early. (See + fclose(3).) Normally all files are block buffered. When + the first I/O operation occurs on a file, malloc(3) is + called, and a buffer is obtained. If a stream refers to a + terminal (as stdout normally does) it is line buffered. + The standard error stream stderr is always unbuffered. + + The setvbuf function may be used at any time on any open + stream to change its buffer. The mode parameter must be + one of the following three macros: + + _IONBF unbuffered + + _IOLBF line buffered + + _IOFBF fully buffered + + Except for unbuffered files, the buf argument should point + to a buffer at least size bytes long; this buffer will be + used instead of the current buffer. If the argument buf + is NULL, only the mode is affected; a new buffer will be + allocated on the next read or write operation. The + setvbuf function may be used at any time, but can only + change the mode of a stream when it is not ``active'': + that is, before any I/O, or immediately after a call to + fflush. + + The other three calls are, in effect, simply aliases for + calls to setvbuf. The setbuf function is exactly equiva- + lent to the call + + setvbuf(stream, buf, buf _IOFBF : _IONBF, + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SETBUF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SETBUF(3) +</h3> + + BUFSIZ); + + The setbuffer function is the same, except that the size + of the buffer is up to the caller, rather than being + determined by the default BUFSIZ. The setlinebuf function + is exactly equivalent to the call: + + setvbuf(stream, (char *)NULL, _IOLBF, 0); + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=fopen.htm>fopen</a>, +<a href=fclose.htm>fclose</a>, +<a href=fread.htm>fread</a>, +<a href=malloc.htm>malloc</a>, +<a href=puts.htm>puts</a>, +<a href=printf.htm>printf</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The setbuf and setvbuf functions conform to ANSI + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C''). + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> The setbuffer and setlinebuf functions are not portable to + versions of BSD before 4.2BSD, and may not be available + under Linux. On 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD systems, setbuf always + uses a suboptimal buffer size and should be avoided. + + You must make sure that both buf and the space it points + to still exist by the time stream is closed, which also + happens at program termination. + + For example, the following is illegal: + + #include <stdio.h> + int main() + { + char buf[BUFSIZ]; + setbuf(stdin, buf); + printf("Hello, world!\n"); + return 0; + } + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/setegid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/setegid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1dd511 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/setegid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>setegid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETREGID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SETREGID(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setregid, setegid - set real and / or effective group ID + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int setregid(gid_t rgid, gid_t egid); + int setegid(gid_t egid); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> setregid sets real and effective group ID's of the current + process. Un-privileged users may change the real group ID + to the effective group ID and vice-versa. + + Prior to Linux 1.1.38, the saved ID paradigm, when used + with setregid or setegid was broken. Starting at 1.1.38, + it is also possible to set the effective group ID from the + saved user ID. + + Only the super-user may make other changes. + + Supplying a value of -1 for either the real or effective + group ID forces the system to leave that ID unchanged. + + Currently (libc-4.x.x), setegid(egid) is functionally + equivalent to setregid(-1, egid). + + If the real group ID is changed or the effective group ID + is set to a value not equal to the previous real group ID, + the saved group ID will be set to the new effective group + ID. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EPERM The current process is not the super-user and + changes other than (i) swapping the effective + group ID with the real group ID or (ii) setting + one to the value of the other or (iii) setting the + effective group ID to the value of the saved group + ID was specified. + +<h3>HISTORY +</h3> The setregid function call appeared in BSD 4.2. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getgid.htm>getgid</a>, +<a href=setgid.htm>setgid</a>, +<pre> + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.38 2nd August 1994 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/setenv.htm b/reference/C/MAN/setenv.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9d00d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/setenv.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>setenv</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETENV(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SETENV(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setenv - change or add an environment variable + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + int setenv(const char *name, const char *value, int overwrite); + + void unsetenv(const char *name); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The setenv() function adds the variable name to the envi- + ronment with the value value, if name does not already + exist. If name does exist in the environment, then its + value is changed to value if overwrite is non-zero; if + overwrite is zero, then the value of name is not changed. + + The unsetenv() function deletes the variable name from the + environment. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The setenv() function returns zero on success, or -1 if + there was insufficient space in the environment. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getenv.htm>getenv</a>, +<a href=putenv.htm>putenv</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/seteuid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/seteuid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de43dee --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/seteuid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>setreuid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETREUID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SETREUID(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setreuid, seteuid - set real and / or effective user ID + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int setreuid(uid_t ruid, uid_t euid); + int seteuid(uid_t euid); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> setreuid sets real and effective user ID's of the current + process. Un-privileged users may change the real user ID + to the effective user ID and vice-versa. + + Prior to Linux 1.1.37, the saved ID paradigm, when used + with setreuid or seteuid was broken. + + Starting at 1.1.37, it is also possible to set the effec- + tive user ID from the saved user ID. + + Only the super-user may make other changes. + + Supplying a value of -1 for either the real or effective + user ID forces the system to leave that ID unchanged. + + Currently (libc-4.x.x), seteuid(euid) is functionally + equivalent to setreuid(-1, euid). + + If the real user ID is changed or the effective user ID is + set to a value not equal to the previous real user ID, the + saved user ID will be set to the new effective user ID. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EPERM The current process is not the super-user and + changes other than (i) swapping the effective user + ID with the real user ID or (ii) setting one to + the value of the other or (iii) setting the effec- + tive user ID to the value of the saved user ID was + specified. + +<h3>HISTORY +</h3> The setreuid function call appeared in BSD 4.2. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getuid.htm>getuid</a>, +<a href=setuid.htm>setuid</a>, +<pre> + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.38 2nd August 1994 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/setgid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/setgid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c41be33 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/setgid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>setgid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETGID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SETGID(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setgid - set group identity + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int setgid(gid_t gid) + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> setgid sets the effective group ID of the current process. + If the caller is the superuser, the real and saved group + ID's are also set. + + Under Linux, setgid is implemented like SYSV with + SAVED_IDS. This allows a setgid (other than root) program + to drop all of it's group privileges, do some un-privi- + leged work, and then re-engage the original effective + group ID in a secure manner. + + If the user is root or the program is setgid root, special + care must be taken. The setgid function checks the effec- + tive gid of the caller and if it is the superuser, all + process related group ID's are set to gid. After this has + occurred, it is impossible for the program to regain root + privileges. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EPERM The user is not the super-user, and gid does not + match the effective or saved group ID of the call- + ing process. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> System V + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getgid.htm>getgid</a>, +<a href=setregid.htm>setregid</a>, +<a href=setegid.htm>setegid</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.36 29 July 1994 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/setjmp.htm b/reference/C/MAN/setjmp.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c52e96 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/setjmp.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>setjmp</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETJMP(3) Library functions SETJMP(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setjmp - save stack context for non-local goto + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <setjmp.h> + + int setjmp(jmp_buf env ); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> setjmp and longjmp(3) are useful for dealing with errors + and interrupts encountered in a low-level subroutine of a + program. setjmp() saves the stack context/environment in + env for later use by longjmp(). The stack context will be + invalidated if the function which called setjmp() returns. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> It returns the value 0 if returning directly and non-zero + when returning from longjmp() using the saved context. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> POSIX + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> POSIX does not specify if the signal context will be saved + or not. If you want to save signal masks, use + sigsetjmp(3). setjmp() makes programs hard to understand + and maintain. If possible an alternative should be used. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=longjmp.htmlongjmp</a>, +<a href=sigsetjmp.htm>sigsetjmp</a>, +<a href=siglongjmp.htm>siglongjmp</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + November 25, 1994 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/setlocale.htm b/reference/C/MAN/setlocale.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1a6c4c --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/setlocale.htm @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +<TITLE>setlocale</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETLOCALE(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SETLOCALE(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setlocale - set the current locale. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <locale.h> + + char *setlocale(int category, const char * locale); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The setlocale() function is used to set or query the pro- + gram's current locale. If locale is "C" or "POSIX", the + current locale is set to the portable locale. + + If locale is "", the locale is set to the default locale + which is selected from the environment variable LANG. + + On startup of the main program, the portable "C" locale is + selected as default. + + The argument category determines which functions are + influenced by the new locale: + + LC_ALL for all of the locale. + + LC_COLLATE + for the functions strcoll() and strxfrm(). + + LC_CTYPE + for the character classification and conversion + routines. + + LC_MONETARY + for localeconv(). + + LC_NUMERIC + for the decimal character. + + LC_TIME + for strftime(). NULL if the request cannot not be + honored. This string may be allocated in static + storage. + + A program may be made portable to all locales by calling + setlocale(LC_ALL, "" ) after program initialization, by + using the values returned from a localeconv() call for + locale - dependent information and by using strcoll() or + strxfrm() to compare strings. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI C, POSIX.1 + + Linux supports the portable locales "C" and "POSIX" and + also the European Latin-1 "ISO-8859-1" , and Russian + "KOI-8" locales. + + + +<h3>GNU April 18, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SETLOCALE(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SETLOCALE(3) +</h3> + + The printf() family of functions may or may not honor the + current locale. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=locale.htm>locale</a>, +<a href=localedef.htm>localedef</a>, +<a href=strcoll.htm>strcoll</a>, +<a href=isalpha.htm>isalpha</a>, +<a href=conv.htm>conv</a>, +<a href=strftime.htm>strftime</a>, +<a href=locale.htm>locale</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 18, 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/setpgid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/setpgid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be5deba --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/setpgid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +<TITLE>setpgid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETPGID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SETPGID(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setpgid, getpgid, setpgrp, getpgrp - set/get process group + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid); + pid_t getpgid(pid_t pid); + int setpgrp(void); + pid_t getpgrp(void); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> setpgid sets the process group ID of the process specified + by pid to pgid. If pid is zero, the process ID of the + current process is used. If pgid is zero, the process ID + of the process specified by pid is used. + + getpgid returns the process group ID of the process speci- + fied by pid. If pid is zero, the process ID of the cur- + rent process is used. + + In the Linux DLL 4.4.1 library, setpgrp simply calls + setpgid(0,0). + + getpgrp is equivalent to getpgid(0). + + Process groups are used for distribution of signals, and + by terminals to arbitrate requests for their input: pro- + cesses that have the same process group as the terminal + are foreground and may read, while others will block with + a signal if they attempt to read. + + These calls are thus used by programs such as csh(1) to + create process groups in implementing job control. The + TIOCGPGRP and TIOCSPGRP calls described in termios(4) are + used to get/set the process group of the control terminal. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, setpgid and setpgrp return zero. On error, -1 + is returned, and errno is set appropriately. + + getpgid returns a process group on success. On error, -1 + is returned, and errno is set appropriately. + + getpgrp always returns the current process group. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EINVAL pgid is less than 0. + + EPERM Various permission violations. + + ESRCH pid does not match any process. + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.2.4 15 April 1995 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SETPGID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SETPGID(2) +</h3> + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getuid.htm>getuid</a>, +<a href=setsid.htm>setsid</a>, +<a href=tcsetpgrp.htm>tcsetpgrp</a>, +<a href=termios+4>termios</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.2.4 15 April 1995 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/setsid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/setsid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67bc733 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/setsid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>setsid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETSID(2) System calls SETSID(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setsid - creates a session and sets the process group ID + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + pid_t setsid(void); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> setsid() creates a new session if the calling process is + not a process group leader. The calling process is the + leader of the new session, the process group leader if the + new process group, and has no controlling tty. The pro- + cess group ID of the calling process is set to the PID of + the calling process. The calling process will be the only + process in this new process group and in this new session. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The process group ID of the calling process. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> On error, -1 will be returned. The only error which can + happen is EPERM. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> POSIX + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=setpgid.htm>setpgid</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Aug 27, 1994 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/setuid.htm b/reference/C/MAN/setuid.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6551d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/setuid.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>setuid</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETUID(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SETUID(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setuid - set user identity + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int setuid(uid_t uid) + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> setuid sets the effective user ID of the current process. + If the caller is the superuser, the real and saved user + ID's are also set. + + Under Linux, setuid is implemented like SYSV with + SAVED_IDS. This allows a setuid (other than root) program + to drop all of it's user privileges, do some un-privileged + work, and then re-engage the original effective user ID in + a secure manner. + + If the user is root or the program is setuid root, special + care must be taken. The setuid function checks the effec- + tive uid of the caller and if it is the superuser, all + process related user ID's are set to uid. After this has + occurred, it is impossible for the program to regain root + privileges. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EPERM The user is not the super-user, and uid does not + match the effective or saved user ID of the call- + ing process. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> System V + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getuid.htm>getuid</a>, +<a href=setreuid.htm>setreuid</a>, +<a href=seteuid.htm>seteuid</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.36 29 July 1994 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/signal.htm b/reference/C/MAN/signal.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..112bedd --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/signal.htm @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +<TITLE>signal</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SIGACTION(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SIGACTION(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> signal - ANSI C signal handling. + + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <signal.h> + + + void (*signal(int signum, void (*handler)(int)))(int); + + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The signal system call installs a new signal handler for + signal signum. The signal handler is set to handler which + may be a user specified function, or one of the following: + + SIG_IGN + Ignore the signal. + + SIG_DFL + Reset the signal to its default behavior. + + + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> signal returns the previous value of the signal handler, + or SIG_ERR on error. + + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> Signal handlers cannot be set for SIGKILL or SIGSTOP. + + Unlike BSD systems, signals under Linux are reset to their + default behavior when raised. + + If you're confused by the prototype at the top of this + manpage, it may help to see it separated out thus: + + typedef void (*sighandler_t)(int); + sighandler_t signal(int signum, sighandler_t handler); + + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> ANSI C + + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=kill.htm>kill</a>, +<a href=kill.htm>kill</a>, +<a href=killpg.htm>killpg</a>, +<a href=pause.htm>pause</a>, +<a href=raise.htm>raise</a>, +<a href=tion.htm>tion</a>, +<a href=signal.htm>signal</a>, +<a href=sigsetops.htm>sigsetops</a>, +<a href=sigvec.htm>sigvec</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.0 24 September 1994 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/sin.htm b/reference/C/MAN/sin.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db59b37 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/sin.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>sin</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SIN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SIN(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> sin - sine function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double sin(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The sin() function returns the sine of x, where x is given + in radians. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The sin() function returns a value between -1 and 1. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=acos.htm>acos</a>, +<a href=asin.htm>asin</a>, +<a href=atan.htm>atan</a>, +<a href=atan2.htm>atan2</a>, +<a href=cos.htm>cos</a>, +<a href=tan.htm>tan</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 8, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/sinh.htm b/reference/C/MAN/sinh.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..22c0660 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/sinh.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>sinh</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SINH(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SINH(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> sinh - hyperbolic sine function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double sinh(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The sinh() function returns the hyperbolic sine of x, + which is defined mathematically as exp(x) - exp(-x) / 2. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=acosh.htm>acosh</a>, +<a href=asinh.htm>asinh</a>, +<a href=atanh.htm>atanh</a>, +<a href=cosh.htm>cosh</a>, +<a href=tanh.htm>tanh</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 13, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/sleep.htm b/reference/C/MAN/sleep.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aab155f --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/sleep.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>sleep</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SLEEP(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SLEEP(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> sleep - Sleep for the specified number of seconds + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + unsigned int sleep(unsigned int seconds); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> sleep() makes the current process sleep until seconds sec- + onds have elapsed or a signal arrives which is not + ignored. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> Zero if the requested time has elapsed, or the number of + seconds left to sleep. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> POSIX.1 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> sleep() may be implemented using SIGALRM; mixing calls to + alarm() and sleep() is a bad idea. + + Using longjmp() from a signal handler or modifying the + handling of SIGALRM while sleeping will cause undefined + results. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=signal.htm>signal</a>, +<a href=alarm.htm>alarm</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 7, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/sprintf.htm b/reference/C/MAN/sprintf.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c029466 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/sprintf.htm @@ -0,0 +1,362 @@ +<TITLE>sprintf</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SPRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SPRINTF(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> printf, fprintf, sprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, vsprintf - + formatted output conversion + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int printf( const char *format, ...); + int fprintf( FILE *stream, const char *format, ...); + int sprintf( char *str, const char *format, ...); + + #include <stdarg.h> + + int vprintf( const char *format, va_list ap); + int vfprintf( FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list + ap); + int vsprintf( char *str, char *format, va_list ap); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The printf family of functions produces output according + to a format as described below. Printf and vprintf write + output to stdout, the standard output stream; fprintf and + vfprintf write output to the given output stream; sprintf, + and vsprintf write to the character string str. These + functions write the output under the control of a format + string that specifies how subsequent arguments (or argu- + ments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities + of stdarg(3) are converted for output. These functions + return the number of characters printed (not including the + trailing `\0' used to end output to strings). + + The format string is composed of zero or more directives: + ordinary characters (not %), which are copied unchanged to + the output stream; and conversion specifications, each of + which results in fetching zero or more subsequent argu- + ments. Each conversion specification is introduced by the + character %. The arguments must correspond properly + (after type promotion) with the conversion specifier. + After the %, the following appear in sequence: + + o Zero or more of the following flags: + + # specifying that the value should be con- + verted to an ``alternate form''. For c, d, + i, n, p, s, and u conversions, this option + has no effect. For o conversions, the pre- + cision of the number is increased to force + the first character of the output string to + a zero (except if a zero value is printed + with an explicit precision of zero). For x + and X conversions, a non-zero result has the + string `0x' (or `0X' for X conversions) + prepended to it. For e, E, f, g, and G con- + versions, the result will always contain a + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SPRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SPRINTF(3) +</h3> + + decimal point, even if no digits follow it + (normally, a decimal point appears in the + results of those conversions only if a digit + follows). For g and G conversions, trailing + zeros are not removed from the result as + they would otherwise be. + + 0 specifying zero padding. For all conver- + sions except n, the converted value is + padded on the left with zeros rather than + blanks. If a precision is given with a + numeric conversion (d, i, o, u, i, x, and + X), the 0 flag is ignored. + + - (a negative field width flag) indicates the + converted value is to be left adjusted on + the field boundary. Except for n conver- + sions, the converted value is padded on the + right with blanks, rather than on the left + with blanks or zeros. A - overrides a 0 if + both are given. + + (a space) specifying that a blank should be + left before a positive number produced by a + signed conversion (d, e, E, f, g, G, or i). + + + specifying that a sign always be placed + before a number produced by a signed conver- + sion. A + overrides a space if both are + used. + + o An optional decimal digit string specifying a mini- + mum field width. If the converted value has fewer + characters than the field width, it will be padded + with spaces on the left (or right, if the left- + adjustment flag has been given) to fill out the + field width. + + o An optional precision, in the form of a period + (`.') followed by an optional digit string. If + the digit string is omitted, the precision is taken + as zero. This gives the minimum number of digits + to appear for d, i, o, u, x, and X conversions, the + number of digits to appear after the decimal-point + for e, E, and f conversions, the maximum number of + significant digits for g and G conversions, or the + maximum number of characters to be printed from a + string for s conversions. + + o The optional character h, specifying that a follow- + ing d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion corresponds to a + short int or unsigned short int argument, or that a + following n conversion corresponds to a pointer to + a short int argument. + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SPRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SPRINTF(3) +</h3> + + o The optional character l (ell) specifying that a + following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion applies to + a pointer to a long int or unsigned long int argu- + ment, or that a following n conversion corresponds + to a pointer to a long int argument. + + o The character L specifying that a following e, E, + f, g, or G conversion corresponds to a long double + argument. + + o A character that specifies the type of conversion + to be applied. + + A field width or precision, or both, may be indicated by + an asterisk `*' instead of a digit string. In this case, + an int argument supplies the field width or precision. A + negative field width is treated as a left adjustment flag + followed by a positive field width; a negative precision + is treated as though it were missing. + + The conversion specifiers and their meanings are: + + diouxX The int (or appropriate variant) argument is con- + verted to signed decimal (d and i), unsigned octal + (o, unsigned decimal (u, or unsigned hexadecimal (x + and X) notation. The letters abcdef are used for x + conversions; the letters ABCDEF are used for X con- + versions. The precision, if any, gives the minimum + number of digits that must appear; if the converted + value requires fewer digits, it is padded on the + left with zeros. + + DOU The long int argument is converted to signed deci- + mal, unsigned octal, or unsigned decimal, as if the + format had been ld, lo, or lu respectively. These + conversion characters are deprecated, and will + eventually disappear. + + eE The double argument is rounded and converted in the + style [-]d.dddedd where there is one digit before + the decimal-point character and the number of dig- + its after it is equal to the precision; if the pre- + cision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the preci- + sion is zero, no decimal-point character appears. + An E conversion uses the letter E (rather than e) + to introduce the exponent. The exponent always + contains at least two digits; if the value is zero, + the exponent is 00. + + f The double argument is rounded and converted to + decimal notation in the style [-]ddd.ddd, where the + number of digits after the decimal-point character + is equal to the precision specification. If the + precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 3 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SPRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SPRINTF(3) +</h3> + + precision is explicitly zero, no decimal-point + character appears. If a decimal point appears, at + least one digit appears before it. + + g The double argument is converted in style f or e + (or E for G conversions). The precision specifies + the number of significant digits. If the precision + is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is + zero, it is treated as 1. Style e is used if the + exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or + greater than or equal to the precision. Trailing + zeros are removed from the fractional part of the + result; a decimal point appears only if it is fol- + lowed by at least one digit. + + c The int argument is converted to an unsigned char, + and the resulting character is written. + + s The ``char *'' argument is expected to be a pointer + to an array of character type (pointer to a + string). Characters from the array are written up + to (but not including) a terminating NUL character; + if a precision is specified, no more than the num- + ber specified are written. If a precision is + given, no null character need be present; if the + precision is not specified, or is greater than the + size of the array, the array must contain a termi- + nating NUL character. + + p The ``void *'' pointer argument is printed in hex- + adecimal (as if by %#x or %#lx). + + n The number of characters written so far is stored + into the integer indicated by the ``int *'' (or + variant) pointer argument. No argument is con- + verted. + + % A `%' is written. No argument is converted. The + complete conversion specification is `%%'. + + In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause + truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is + wider than the field width, the field is expanded to con- + tain the conversion result. + + +<h3>EXAMPLES +</h3> To print a date and time in the form `Sunday, July 3, + 10:02', where weekday and month are pointers to strings: + #include <stdio.h> + fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n", + weekday, month, day, hour, min); + + To print to five decimal places: + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 4 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SPRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SPRINTF(3) +</h3> + + #include <math.h> + #include <stdio.h> + fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0)); + + To allocate a 128 byte string and print into it: + #include <stdio.h> + #include <stdlib.h> + #include <stdarg.h> + char *newfmt(const char *fmt, ...) + { + char *p; + va_list ap; + if ((p = malloc(128)) == NULL) + return (NULL); + va_start(ap, fmt); + (void) vsnprintf(p, 128, fmt, ap); + va_end(ap); + return (p); + } + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=printf.htm>printf</a>, +<a href=scanf.htm>scanf</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The fprintf, printf, sprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, and + vsprintf functions conform to ANSI C3.159-1989 (``ANSI + C''). + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Some floating point conversions under Linux cause memory + leaks. + + The conversion formats %D, %O, and %U are not standard and + are provided only for backward compatibility. These may + not be provided under Linux. + + The effect of padding the %p format with zeros (either by + the 0 flag or by specifying a precision), and the benign + effect (i.e., none) of the # flag on %n and %p conver- + sions, as well as other nonsensical combinations such as + %Ld, are not standard; such combinations should be + avoided. + + Because sprintf and vsprintf assume an infinitely long + string, callers must be careful not to overflow the actual + space; this is often impossible to assure. + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 5 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/sqrt.htm b/reference/C/MAN/sqrt.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..68ac1cf --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/sqrt.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>sqrt</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SQRT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SQRT(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> sqrt - square root function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double sqrt(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The sqrt() function returns the non-negative square root + of x. It fails and sets errno to EDOM, if x is negative. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EDOM x is negative. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=hypot.htm>hypot</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 21, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/stat.htm b/reference/C/MAN/stat.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..37ba91b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/stat.htm @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +<TITLE>stat</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STAT(2) Linux Programmer's Manual STAT(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> stat, fstat, lstat - get file status + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <sys/stat.h> + #include <unistd.h> + + int stat(const char *file_name, struct stat *buf); + int fstat(int filedes, struct stat *buf); + int lstat(const char *file_name, struct stat *buf); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> These functions return information about the specified + file. You do not need any access rights to the file to + get this information but you need search rights to all + directories named in the path leading to the file. + + stat stats the file pointed to by file_name and fills in + buf. + + lstat is identical to stat, only the link itself is + stated, not the file that is obtained by tracing the + links. + + fstat is identical to stat, only the open file pointed to + by filedes (as returned by fopen(3) ) is stated in place + of file_name. + + + They all return a stat structure, which is declared as + follows: + + struct stat + { + dev_t st_dev; /* device */ + ino_t st_ino; /* inode */ + umode_t st_mode; /* protection */ + nlink_t st_nlink; /* number of hard links */ + uid_t st_uid; /* user ID of owner */ + gid_t st_gid; /* group ID of owner */ + dev_t st_rdev; /* device type (if inode device) */ + off_t st_size; /* total size, in bytes */ + unsigned long st_blksize; /* blocksize for filesystem I/O */ + unsigned long st_blocks; /* number of blocks allocated */ + time_t st_atime; /* time of last access */ + time_t st_mtime; /* time of last modification */ + time_t st_ctime; /* time of last change */ + }; + + Note that st_blocks may not always be in terms of blocks + of size st_blksize, and that st_blksize may instead pro- + vide a notion of the "preferred" blocksize for efficient + file system I/O. + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.75 1 January 1995 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>STAT(2) Linux Programmer's Manual STAT(2) +</h3> + + Not all of the Linux filesystems implement all of the time + fields. Traditionally, st_atime is changed by mknod(2), + utime(2), read(2), write(2), and truncate(2). + + Traditionally, st_mtime is changed by mknod(2), utime(2), + and write(2). The st_mtime is not changed for changes in + owner, group, hard link count, or mode. + + Traditionally, st_ctime is changed by writing or by set- + ting inode information (i.e., owner, group, link count, + mode, etc.). + + The following macros are defined to check the file type: + + S_ISLNK(m) is it a symbolic link + + S_ISREG(m) regular file + + S_ISDIR(m) directory + + S_ISCHR(m) character device + + S_ISBLK(m) block device + + S_ISFIFO(m) fifo + + S_ISSOCK(m) socket + + The following flags are defined for the st_mode field: + + S_IFMT 00170000 bitmask for the file type bit- + fields + + S_IFSOCK 0140000 socket + + S_IFLNK 0120000 symbolic link + + S_IFREG 0100000 regular file + + S_IFBLK 0060000 block device + + S_IFDIR 0040000 directory + + S_IFCHR 0020000 character device + + S_IFIFO 0010000 fifo + + S_ISUID 0004000 set UID bit + + S_ISGID 0002000 set GID bit + + S_ISVTX 0001000 sticky bit + + S_IRWXU 00700 user (file owner) has read, write + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.75 1 January 1995 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>STAT(2) Linux Programmer's Manual STAT(2) +</h3> + + and execute permission + + S_IRUSR (S_IREAD) + 00400 user has read permission + + S_IWUSR (S_IWRITE) + 00200 user has write permission + + S_IXUSR (S_IEXEC) + 00100 user has execute permission + + S_IRWXG 00070 group has read, write and execute + permission + + S_IRGRP 00040 group has read permission + + S_IWGRP 00020 group has write permission + + S_IXGRP 00010 group has execute permission + + S_IRWXO 00007 others have read, write and execute + permission + + S_IROTH 00004 others have read permission + + S_IWOTH 00002 others have write permisson + + S_IXOTH 00001 others have execute permission + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF filedes is bad. + + ENOENT File does not exist. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID (not lstat()), AT&T (not lstat()), POSIX (not + lstat()), X/OPEN (not lstat()), BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=chmod.htm>chmod</a>, +<a href=chown.htm>chown</a>, +<a href=readlink.htm>readlink</a>, +<a href=utime.htm>utime</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 1.1.75 1 January 1995 3 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/stderr.htm b/reference/C/MAN/stderr.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a04473 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/stderr.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>strerror</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRERROR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRERROR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strerror - return string describing error code + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + char *strerror(int errnum); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strerror() function returns a string describing the + error code passed in the argument errno. The string can + only be used until the next call to strerror(). + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The strerror() function returns the appropriate descrip- + tion string, or an unknown error message if the error code + is unknown. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=errno.htm>errno</a>, +<a href=perror.htm>perror</a>, +<a href=strsignal.htm>strsignal</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 13, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/strcasecmp.htm b/reference/C/MAN/strcasecmp.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9267d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/strcasecmp.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>strcasecmp</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRCASECMP(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRCASECMP(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strcasecmp, strncasecmp - compare two strings ignoring + case + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + int strcasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2); + + int strncasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strcasecmp() function compares the two strings s1 and + s2, ignoring the case of the characters. It returns an + integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if s1 is + found, respectively, to be less than, to match, or be + greater than s2. + + The strncasecmp() function is similar, except it only com- + pares the first n characters of s1. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The strcasecmp() and strncasecmp() functions return an + integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if s1 + (or the first n bytes thereof) is found, respectively, to + be less than, to match, or be greater than s2. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=bcmp.htm>bcmp</a>, +<a href=memcmp.htm>memcmp</a>, +<a href=strcmp.htm>strcmp</a>, +<a href=strcoll.htm>strcoll</a>, +<a href=strncmp.htm>strncmp</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + April 11, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/strcat.htm b/reference/C/MAN/strcat.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..209b597 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/strcat.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>strcat</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRCAT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRCAT(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strcat, strncat - concatenate two strings + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + char *strcat(char *dest, const char *src); + + char *strncat(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strcat() function appends the src string to the dest + string overwriting the `\0' character at the end of dest, + and then adds a terminating `\0' character. The strings + may not overlap, and the dest string must have enough + space for the result. + + The strncat() function is similar, except that only the + first n characters of src are appended to dest. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The strcat() and strncat() functions return a pointer to + the resulting string dest. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=bcopy.htm>bcopy</a>, +<a href=memccpy.htm>memccpy</a>, +<a href=memcpy.htm>memcpy</a>, +<a href=strcpy.htm>strcpy</a>, +<a href=strncpy.htm>strncpy</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 11, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/strcoll.htm b/reference/C/MAN/strcoll.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..043f740 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/strcoll.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>strcoll</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRCOLL(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRCOLL(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strcoll - compare two strings using the current locale + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + int strcoll(const char *s1, const char *s2); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strcoll() function compares the two strings s1 and s2. + It returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than + zero if s1 is found, respectively, to be less than, to + match, or be greater than s2. The comparison is based on + strings interpreted as appropriate for the program's cur- + rent locale for category LC_COLLATE. (See setlocale(3)). + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The strcoll() function returns an integer less than, equal + to, or greater than zero if s1 is found, respectively, to + be less than, to match, or be greater than s2, when both + are interpreted as appropriate for the current locale. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> The Linux C Library currently hasn't implemented the com- + plete POSIX-collating. + + In the "POSIX" or "C" locales strcoll() is equivalent to + strcmp(). + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=bcmp.htm>bcmp</a>, +<a href=memcmp.htm>memcmp</a>, +<a href=strcasecmp.htm>strcasecmp</a>, +<a href=strcmp.htm>strcmp</a>, +<a href=strxfrm.htm>strxfrm</a>, +<a href=setlocale.htm>setlocale</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 12, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/strcspn.htm b/reference/C/MAN/strcspn.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3124e7a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/strcspn.htm @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +<TITLE>strcspn</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRSPN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRSPN(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strspn, strcspn - search a string for a set of characters + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + size_t strspn(const char *s, const char *accept); + + size_t strcspn(const char *s, const char *reject); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strspn() function calculates the length of the initial + segment of s which consists entirely of characters in + accept. + + The strcspn() function calculates the length of the ini- + tial segment of s which consists entirely of characters + not in reject. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The strspn() function returns the number of characters in + the initial segment of s which consist only of characters + from accept. + + The strcspn() function returns the number of characters in + the initial segment of s which are not in the string + reject. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=index.htm>index</a>, +<a href=memchr.htm>memchr</a>, +<a href=rindex.htm>rindex</a>, +<a href=strchr.htm>strchr</a>, +<a href=strpbrk.htm>strpbrk</a>, +<a href=strsep.htm>strsep</a>, +<a href=strstr.htm>strstr</a>, +<a href=strtok.htm>strtok</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + April 12, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/strftime.htm b/reference/C/MAN/strftime.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7154eae --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/strftime.htm @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ +<TITLE>strftime</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRFTIME(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRFTIME(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strftime - format date and time + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <time.h> + + size_t strftime(char *s, size_t max, const char *format, + const struct tm *tm); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strftime() function formats the broken-down time tm + according to the format specification format and places + the result in the character array s of size max. + + Ordinary characters placed in the format string are copied + to s without conversion. Conversion specifiers are intro- + duced by a `%' character, and are replaced in s as fol- + lows: + + %a The abbreviated weekday name according to the cur- + rent locale. + + %A The full weekday name according to the current + locale. + + %b The abbreviated month name according to the current + locale. + + %B The full month name according to the current + locale. + + %c The preferred date and time representation for the + current locale. + + %d The day of the month as a decimal number (range 0 + to 31). + + %H The hour as a decimal number using a 24-hour clock + (range 00 to 23). + + %I The hour as a decimal number using a 12-hour clock + (range 01 to 12). + + %j The day of the year as a decimal number (range 001 + to 366). + + %m The month as a decimal number (range 10 to 12). + + %M The minute as a decimal number. + + %p Either `am' or `pm' according to the given time + value, or the corresponding strings for the current + locale. + + + + +<h3>GNU July 2, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>STRFTIME(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRFTIME(3) +</h3> + + %S The second as a decimal number. + + %U The week number of the current year as a decimal + number, starting with the first Sunday as the first + day of the first week. + + %W The week number of the current year as a decimal + number, starting with the first Monday as the first + day of the first week. + + %w The day of the week as a decimal, Sunday being 0. + + %x The preferred date representation for the current + locale without the time. + + %X The preferred time representation for the current + locale without the date. + + %y The year as a decimal number without a century + (range 00 to 99). + + %Y The year as a decimal number including the century. + + %Z The time zone or name or abbreviation. + + %% A literal `%' character. + + The broken-down time structure tm is defined in <time.h> + as follows: + + struct tm + { + int tm_sec; /* seconds */ + int tm_min; /* minutes */ + int tm_hour; /* hours */ + int tm_mday; /* day of the month */ + int tm_mon; /* month */ + int tm_year; /* year */ + int tm_wday; /* day of the week */ + int tm_yday; /* day in the year */ + int tm_isdst; /* daylight saving time */ + }; + + The members of the tm structure are: + + tm_sec The number of seconds after the minute, normally in + the range 0 to 59, but can be up to 61 to allow for + leap seconds. + + tm_min The number of minutes after the hour, in the range + 0 to 59. + + tm_hour + The number of hours past midnight, in the range 0 + + + +<h3>GNU July 2, 1993 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>STRFTIME(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRFTIME(3) +</h3> + + to 23. + + tm_mday + The day of the month, in the range 1 to 31. + + tm_mon The number of months since January, in the range 0 + to 11. + + tm_year + The number of years since 1900. + + tm_wday + The number of days since Sunday, in the range 0 to + 6. + + tm_yday + The number of days since January 1, in the range 0 + to 365. + + tm_isdst + A flag that indicates whether daylight saving time + is in effect at the time described. The value is + positive if daylight saving time is in effect, zero + if it is not, and negative if the information is + not available. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The strftime() function returns the number of characters + placed in the array s, not including the terminating NULL + character. If the value equals max, it means that the + array was too small. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=date.htm>date</a>, +<a href=time.htm>time</a>, +<a href=ctime.htm>ctime</a>, +<a href=setlocale.htm>setlocale</a>, +<a href=sprintf.htm>sprintf</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>NOTES +</h3> The function supports only those locales specified in + locale(7) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU July 2, 1993 3 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/strlen.htm b/reference/C/MAN/strlen.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea7334a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/strlen.htm @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +<TITLE>strlen</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRLEN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRLEN(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strlen - calculate the length of a string + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + size_t strlen(const char *s); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strlen() function calculates the length of the string + s, not including the terminating `\0' character. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The strlen() function returns the number of characters in + s. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=string.htm>string</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + April 12, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/strpbrk.htm b/reference/C/MAN/strpbrk.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..008b98b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/strpbrk.htm @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +<TITLE>strpbrk</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRPBRK(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRPBRK(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strpbrk - search a string for any of a set of characters + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + char *strpbrk(const char *s, const char *accept); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strpbrk() function locates the first occurrence in the + string s of any of the characters in the string accept. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The strpbrk() function returns a pointer to the character + in s that matches one of the characters in accept. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=index.htm>index</a>, +<a href=memchr.htm>memchr</a>, +<a href=rindex.htm>rindex</a>, +<a href=strchr.htm>strchr</a>, +<a href=strsep.htm>strsep</a>, +<a href=spn.htm>spn</a>, +<a href=strstr.htm>strstr</a>, +<a href=strtok.htm>strtok</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + April 12, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/strspn.htm b/reference/C/MAN/strspn.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3eacb54 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/strspn.htm @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +<TITLE>strspn</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRSPN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRSPN(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strspn, strcspn - search a string for a set of characters + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + size_t strspn(const char *s, const char *accept); + + size_t strcspn(const char *s, const char *reject); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strspn() function calculates the length of the initial + segment of s which consists entirely of characters in + accept. + + The strcspn() function calculates the length of the ini- + tial segment of s which consists entirely of characters + not in reject. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The strspn() function returns the number of characters in + the initial segment of s which consist only of characters + from accept. + + The strcspn() function returns the number of characters in + the initial segment of s which are not in the string + reject. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=index.htm>index</a>, +<a href=memchr.htm>memchr</a>, +<a href=rindex.htm>rindex</a>, +<a href=strchr.htm>strchr</a>, +<a href=strpbrk.htm>strpbrk</a>, +<a href=strsep.htm>strsep</a>, +<a href=strstr.htm>strstr</a>, +<a href=strtok.htm>strtok</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + April 12, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/strstr.htm b/reference/C/MAN/strstr.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e0ca0d --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/strstr.htm @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +<TITLE>strstr</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRSTR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRSTR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strstr - locate a substring + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <string.h> + + char *strstr(const char *haystack, const char *needle); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strstr() function finds the first occurrence of the + substring needle in the string haystack. The terminating + `\0' characters are not compared. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The strstr() function returns a pointer to the beginning + of the substring, or NULL if the substring is not found. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=index.htm>index</a>, +<a href=memchr.htm>memchr</a>, +<a href=rindex.htm>rindex</a>, +<a href=strchr.htm>strchr</a>, +<a href=strpbrk.htm>strpbrk</a>, +<a href=strsep.htm>strsep</a>, +<a href=strspn.htm>strspn</a>, +<a href=strtok.htm>strtok</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 12, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/strtod.htm b/reference/C/MAN/strtod.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d32acee --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/strtod.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>strtod</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STRTOD(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STRTOD(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> strtod - convert ASCII string to double + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + double strtod(const char *nptr, char **endptr + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The strtod function converts the initial portion of the + string pointed to by nptr to double representation. + + The expected form of the string is an optional plus + (``+'') or minus sign (``-'') followed by a sequence of + digits optionally containing a decimal-point character, + optionally followed by an exponent. An exponent consists + of an ``E'' or ``e'', followed by an optional plus or + minus sign, followed by a sequence of digits. + + Leading white-space characters in the string (as defined + by the isspace(3) function) are skipped. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> The strtod function returns the converted value, if any. + + If endptr is not NULL, a pointer to the character after + the last character used in the conversion is stored in the + location referenced by endptr. + + If no conversion is performed, zero is returned and the + value of nptr is stored in the location referenced by + endptr. + + If the correct value would cause overflow, plus or minus + HUGE_VAL is returned (according to the sign of the value), + and ERANGE is stored in errno. If the correct value would + cause underflow, zero is returned and ERANGE is stored in + errno. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> ERANGE Overflow or underflow occurred. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=atof.htm>atof</a>, +<a href=atoi.htm>atoi</a>, +<a href=atol.htm>atol</a>, +<a href=strtol.htm>strtol</a>, +<a href=strtoul.htm>strtoul</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The strtod function conforms to ANSI-C. + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> This is a BSD manual page and may not reflect the current + Linux implementation. + + + + + + +<h3>BSD Man Page 21 Aug 1994 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/sysconf.htm b/reference/C/MAN/sysconf.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f09ca21 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/sysconf.htm @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ +<TITLE>sysconf</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SYSCONF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SYSCONF(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> sysconf - Get configuration information at runtime + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + long sysconf(int name); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> sysconf() provides a way for the application to determine + values for system limits or options at runtime. + + The equivalent macros defined in <unistd.h> can only give + conservative values; if an application wants to take + advantage of values which may change, a call to sysconf() + can be made, which may yield more liberal results. + + For getting information about a particular file, see + fpathconf() or pathconf(). + + The following values are supported for name. First, the + POSIX.1 compatible values: + + _SC_ARG_MAX + The maximum length of the arguments to the exec() + family of functions; the corresponding macro is + ARG_MAX. + + _SC_CHILD_MAX + The number of simultaneous processes per user id, + the corresponding macro is _POSIX_CHILD_MAX. + + _SC_CLK_TCK + The number of clock ticks per second; the corre- + sponding macro is CLK_TCK. + + _SC_STREAM_MAX + The maximum number of streams that a process can + have open at any time. The corresponding POSIX + macro is STREAM_MAX, the corresponding standard C + macro is FOPEN_MAX. + + _SC_TZNAME_MAX + The maximum number of bytes in a timezone name, the + corresponding macro is TZNAME_MAX. + + _SC_OPEN_MAX + The maximum number of files that a process can have + open at any time, the corresponding macro is + _POSIX_OPEN_MAX. + + _SC_JOB_CONTROL + This indicates whether POSIX - style job control is + supported, the corresponding macro is + + + +<h3>GNU April 18, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SYSCONF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SYSCONF(3) +</h3> + + _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL. + + _SC_SAVED_IDS + This indicates whether a process has a saved set- + user-ID and a saved set-group-ID; the corresponding + macro is _POSIX_SAVED_IDS. + + _SC_VERSION + indicates the year and month the POSIX.1 standard + was approved in the format YYYYMML;the value + 199009L indicates the most recent revision, 1990. + + Next, the POSIX.2 values: + + _SC_BC_BASE_MAX + indicates the maximum obase value accepted by the + bc(1) utility; the corresponding macro is + BC_BASE_MAX. + + _SC_BC_DIM_MAX + indicates the maximum value of elements permitted + in an array by bc(1); the corresponding macro is + BC_DIM_MAX. + + _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX + indicates the maximum scale value allowed by bc(1); + the corresponding macro is BC_SCALE_MAX. + + _SC_BC_STRING_MAX + indicates the maximum length of a string accepted + by bc(1); the corresponding macro is BC_STRING_MAX. + + _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX + indicates the maximum numbers of weights that can + be assigned to an entry of the LC_COLLATE order + keyword in the locale definition file; the corre- + sponding macro is COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX. + + _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX + is the maximum number of expressions which can be + nested within parentheses by expr(1). The corre- + sponding macro is EXPR_NEST_MAX. + + _SC_LINE_MAX + The maximum length of a utility's input line + length, either from standard input or from a file. + This includes length for a trailing newline. The + corresponding macro is LINE_MAX. + + _SC_RE_DUP_MAX + The maximum number of repeated occurrences of a + regular expression when the interval notation + \{m,n\} is used. The value of the corresponding + macro is RE_DUP_MAX. + + + +<h3>GNU April 18, 1993 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>SYSCONF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SYSCONF(3) +</h3> + + _SC_2_VERSION + indicates the version of the POSIX.2 standard in + the format of YYYYMML. The corresponding macro is + POSIX2_VERSION. + + _SC_2_DEV + indicates whether the POSIX.2 C language develop- + ment facilities are supported. The corresponding + macro is POSIX2_C_DEV. + + _SC_2_FORT_DEV + indicates whether the POSIX.2 FORTRAN development + utilities are supported. The corresponding macro + is POSIX2_FORT_RUN. + + _SC_2_FORT_RUN + indicates whether the POSIX.2 FORTRAN runtime util- + ities are supported. The corresponding macro is + POSIX2_FORT_RUN. + + POSIX2_LOCALEDEF + indicates whether the POSIX.2 creation of locates + via locale(1) is supported. The corresponding + macro is POSIX2_LOCALEDEF. + + _SC_2_SW_DEV + indicates whether the POSIX.2 software development + utilities option is supported. The corresponding + macro is POSIX2_SW_DEV. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The value returned is the value of the system resource, 1 + if a queried option is available, 0 if it is not, or -1 on + error. The variable errno is not set. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> POSIX.1, proposed POSIX.2 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> It is difficult use ARG_MAX because it is not specified + how much of the argument space for exec() is consumed by + the user's environment variables. + + Some returned values may be huge; they are not suitable + for allocating memory. + + POSIX.2 is not yet an approved standard; the information + in this manpage is subject to change. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=bc.htm>bc</a>, +<a href=expr.htm>expr</a>, +<a href=locale.htm>locale</a>, +<a href=fpathconf.htm>fpathconf</a>, +<a href=pathconf.htm>pathconf</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 18, 1993 3 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/tan.htm b/reference/C/MAN/tan.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..755afba --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/tan.htm @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<TITLE>tan</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>TAN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual TAN(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> tan - tangent function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double tan(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The tan() function returns the tangent of x, where x is + given in radians. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=acos.htm>acos</a>, +<a href=asin.htm>asin</a>, +<a href=atan.htm>atan</a>, +<a href=atan2.htm>atan2</a>, +<a href=cos.htm>cos</a>, +<a href=sin.htm>sin</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 8, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/tanh.htm b/reference/C/MAN/tanh.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4adcce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/tanh.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>tanh</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>TANH(3) Linux Programmer's Manual TANH(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> tanh - hyperbolic tangent function + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <math.h> + + double tanh(double x); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The tanh() function returns the hyperbolic tangent of x, + which is defined mathematically as sinh(x) / cosh(x). + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=acosh.htm>acosh</a>, +<a href=asinh.htm>asinh</a>, +<a href=atanh.htm>atanh</a>, +<a href=cosh.htm>cosh</a>, +<a href=sinh.htm>sinh</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + June 13, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/telldir.htm b/reference/C/MAN/telldir.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc8308f --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/telldir.htm @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +<TITLE>telldir</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>TELLDIR(3) Linux Programmer's Manual TELLDIR(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> telldir - return current location in directory stream. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <dirent.h> + + off_t telldir(DIR *dir); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The telldir() function returns the current location asso- + ciated with the directory stream dir. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The telldir() function returns the current location in the + directory stream or -1 if an error occurs. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EBADF Invalid directory stream descriptor dir. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=opendir.htm>opendir</a>, +<a href=readdir.htm>readdir</a>, +<a href=closedir.htm>closedir</a>, +<a href=rewinddir.htm>rewinddir</a>, +<a href=seekdir.htm>seekdir</a>, +<a href=scandir.htm>scandir</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + March 31, 1993 1 + + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/test b/reference/C/MAN/test new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b08ea81 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/test @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + + .htm + .htm diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/time.htm b/reference/C/MAN/time.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1c382b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/time.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>time</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>TIME(2) Linux Programmer's Manual TIME(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> time - get time in seconds + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <time.h> + + time_t time(time_t *t); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> time returns the time since 00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970, + measured in seconds. + + If t is non null, the return value is also stored in the + memory pointed to by t. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3 + Under BSD 4.3, this call is obsoleted by gettimeofday(2). + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=ctime.htm>ctime</a>, +<a href=date.htm>date</a>, +<a href=ftime.htm>ftime</a>, +<a href=gettimeofday.htm>gettimeofday</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 24 July 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/tmpfile.htm b/reference/C/MAN/tmpfile.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b87aeae --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/tmpfile.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>tmpfile</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>TMPFILE(3) Linux Programmer's Manual TMPFILE(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> tmpfile - create a temporary file + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + FILE *tmpfile (void); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The tmpfile() function generates a unique temporary file- + name using the path prefix P_tmpdir defined in <stdio.h>. + The temporary file is then opened in binary read/write + (w+b) mode. The file will be automatically deleted when + it is closed or the program terminates. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The tmpfile() function returns a stream descriptor, or + NULL if a unique filename cannot be generated or the + unique file cannot be opened. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EACCES Search permission denied for directory in file's + path prefix. + + EEXIST Unable to generate a unique filename. + + EMFILE Too many file descriptors in use by process. + + ENFILE Too many files open in system. + + EROFS Read-only filesystem. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=mktemp.htm>mktemp</a>, +<a href=mkstemp.htm>mkstemp</a>, +<a href=tmpnam.htm>tmpnam</a>, +<a href=tempnam.htm>tempnam</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 3, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/tmpnam.htm b/reference/C/MAN/tmpnam.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9af953 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/tmpnam.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>tmpnam</TITLE> +<body background=/C_ref/GRAPHICS/bg1.gif> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>TMPNAM(3) Linux Programmer's Manual TMPNAM(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> tmpnam - create a name for a temporary file + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + char *tmpnam(char *s); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The tmpnam() function generates a unique temporary file- + name using the path prefix P_tmpdir defined in <stdio.h>. + If the argument s is NULL, tmpnam() returns the address of + an internal static area which holds the filename, which is + overwritten by subsequent calls to tmpnam(). If s is not + NULL, the filename is returned in s. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The tmpnam() function returns a pointer to the unique tem- + porary filename, or NULL if a unique name cannot be gener- + ated. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EEXIST Unable to generate a unique filename. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=mktemp.htm>mktemp</a>, +<a href=mkstemp.htm>mkstemp</a>, +<a href=tempnam.htm>tempnam</a>, +<a href=tmpfile.htm>tmpfile</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 3, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/togetpgrp.htm b/reference/C/MAN/togetpgrp.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..68d9c8c --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/togetpgrp.htm @@ -0,0 +1,492 @@ +<TITLE>tcgetpgrp</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>TERMIOS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual TERMIOS(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> termios, tcgetattr, tcsetattr, tcsendbreak, tcdrain, + tcflush, tcflow, cfgetospeed, cfgetispeed, cfsetispeed, + cfsetospeed, tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp - get and set terminal + attributes, line control, get and set baud rate, get and + set terminal foreground process group ID + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <termios.h> + #include <unistd.h> + + int tcgetattr ( int fd, struct termios *termios_p ); + + int tcsetattr ( int fd, int optional_actions, struct + termios *termios_p ); + + int tcsendbreak ( int fd, int duration ); + + int tcdrain ( int fd ); + + int tcflush ( int fd, int queue_selector ); + + int tcflow ( int fd, int action ); + + speed_t cfgetospeed ( struct termios *termios_p ); + + int cfsetospeed ( struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed + ); + + speed_t cfgetispeed ( struct termios *termios_p ); + + int cfsetispeed ( struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed + ); + + pid_t tcgetpgrp ( int fd ); + + int tcsetpgrp ( int fd, pid_t pgrpid ); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The termios functions describe a general terminal inter- + face that is provided to control asynchronous communica- + tions ports. + + Many of the functions described here have a termios_p + argument that is a pointer to a termios structure. This + structure contains the following members: + + tcflag_t c_iflag; /* input modes */ + tcflag_t c_oflag; /* output modes */ + tcflag_t c_cflag; /* control modes */ + tcflag_t c_lflag; /* local modes */ + cc_t c_cc[NCCS]; /* control chars */ + + + + + +<h3>Linux February 25, 1995 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>TERMIOS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual TERMIOS(2) +</h3> + + c_iflag flag constants: + + IGNBRK ignore BREAK condition on input + + BRKINT If IGNBRK is not set, generate SIGINT on BREAK con- + dition, else read BREAK as character \0. + + IGNPAR ignore framing errors and parity errors. + + PARMRK if IGNPAR is not set, prefix a character with a + parity error or framing error with \377 \0. If + neither IGNPAR nor PARMRK is set, read a character + with a parity error or framing error as \0. + + INPCK enable input parity checking + + ISTRIP strip off eighth bit + + INLCR translate NL to CR on input + + IGNCR ignore carriage return on input + + ICRNL translate carriage return to newline on input + (unless IGNCR is set) + + IUCLC map uppercase characters to lowercase on input + + IXON enable XON/XOFF flow control on output + + IXANY enable any character to restart output + + IXOFF enable XON/XOFF flow control on input + + IMAXBEL + ring bell when input queue is full + + c_oflag flag constants: + + OPOST enable implementation-defined output processing + + OLCUC map lowercase characters to uppercase on output + + ONLCR map NL to CR-NL on output + + OCRNL map CR to NL on output + + ONOCR don't output CR at column 0 + + ONLRET don't output CR + + OFILL send fill characters for a delay, rather than using + a timed delay + + OFDEL fill character is ASCII DEL. If unset, fill + + + +<h3>Linux February 25, 1995 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>TERMIOS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual TERMIOS(2) +</h3> + + character is ASCII NUL + + NLDLY newline delay mask. Values are NL0 and NL1. + + CRDLY carriage return delay mask. Values are CR0, CR1, + CR2, or CR3. + + TABDLY horizontal tab delay mask. Values are TAB0, TAB1, + TAB2, TAB3, or XTABS. A value of XTABS expands + tabs to spaces (with tab stops every eight + columns). + + BSDLY backspace delay mask. Values are BS0 or BS1. + + VTDLY vertical tab delay mask. Values are VT0 or VT1. + + FFDLY form feed delay mask. Values are FF0 or FF1. + + c_cflag flag constants: + + CSIZE character size mask. Values are CS5, CS6, CS7, or + CS8. + + CSTOPB set two stop bits, rather than one. + + CREAD enable receiver. + + PARENB enable parity generation on output and parity + checking for input. + + PARODD parity for input and output is odd. + + HUPCL lower modem control lines after last process closes + the device (hang up). + + CLOCAL ignore modem control lines + + CIBAUD mask for input speeds (not used). + + CRTSCTS + flow control. + + c_lflag flag constants: + + ISIG when any of the characters INTR, QUIT, SUSP, or + DSUSP are received, generate the corresponding sig- + nal. + + ICANON enable canonical mode. This enables the special + characters EOF, EOL, EOL2, ERASE, KILL, REPRINT, + STATUS, and WERASE, and buffers by lines. + + XCASE if ICANON is also set, terminal is uppercase only. + Input is converted to lowercase, except for + + + +<h3>Linux February 25, 1995 3 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>TERMIOS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual TERMIOS(2) +</h3> + + characters preceded by \. On output, uppercase + characters are preceded by \ and lowercase charac- + ters are converted to uppercase. + + ECHO echo input characters. + + ECHOE if ICANON is also set, the ERASE character erases + the preceding input character, and WERASE erases + the preceding word. + + ECHOK if ICANON is also set, the KILL character erases + the current line. + + ECHONL if ICANON is also set, echo the NL character even + if ECHO is not set. + + ECHOCTL + if ECHO is also set, ASCII control signals other + than TAB, NL, START, and STOP are echoed as ^X, + where X is the character with ASCII code 0x10 + greater than the control signal. For example, + character 0x28 (BS) is echoed as ^H. + + ECHOPRT + if ICANON and IECHO are also set, characters are + printed as they are being erased. + + ECHOKE if ICANON is also set, KILL is echoed by erasing + each character on the line, as specified by ECHOE + and ECHOPRT. + + FLUSHO output is being flushed. This flag is toggled by + typing the DISCARD character. + + NOFLSH disable flushing the input and output queues when + generating the SIGINT and SIGQUIT signals, and + flushing the input queue when generating the SIG- + SUSP signal. + + TOSTOP send the SIGTTOU signal to the process group of a + background process which tries to write to its con- + trolling terminal. + + PENDIN all characters in the input queue are reprinted + when the next character is read. (bash handles + typeahead this way.) + + IEXTEN enable implementation-defined input processing. + + tcgetattr() gets the parameters associated with the object + referred by fd and stores them in the termios structure + referenced by termios_p. This function may be invoked + from a background process; however, the terminal + attributes may be subsequently changed by a foreground + + + +<h3>Linux February 25, 1995 4 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>TERMIOS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual TERMIOS(2) +</h3> + + process. + + tcsetattr() sets the parameters associated with the termi- + nal (unless support is required from the underlying hard- + ware that is not available) from the termios structure + referred to by termios_p. optional_actions specifies when + the changes take effect: + + TCSANOW + the change occurs immediately. + + TCSADRAIN + the change occurs after all output written to fd + has been transmitted. This function should be used + when changing parameters that affect output. + + TCSAFLUSH + the change occurs after all output written to the + object referred by fd has been transmitted, and all + input that has been received but not read will be + discarded before the change is made. + + tcsendbreak() transmits a continuous stream of zero-valued + bits for a specific duration, if the terminal is using + asynchronous serial data transmission. If duration is + zero, it transmits zero-valued bits for at least 0.25 sec- + onds, and not more that 0.5 seconds. If duration is not + zero, it sends zero-valued bits for duration*N seconds, + where N is at least 0.25, and not more than 0.5. + + If the terminal is not using asynchronous serial data + transmission, tcsendbreak() returns without taking any + action. + + tcdrain() waits until all output written to the object + referred to by fd has been transmitted. + + tcflush() discards data written to the object referred to + by fd but not transmitted, or data received but not read, + depending on the value of queue_selector: + + TCIFLUSH + flushes data received but not read. + + TCOFLUSH + flushes data written but not transmitted. + + TCIOFLUSH + flushes both data received but not read, and data + written but not transmitted. + + tcflow() suspends transmission or reception of data on the + object referred to by fd, depending on the value of + action: + + + +<h3>Linux February 25, 1995 5 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>TERMIOS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual TERMIOS(2) +</h3> + + TCOOFF suspends output. + + TCOON restarts suspended output. + + TCIOFF transmits a STOP character, which stops the termi- + nal device from transmitting data to the system. + + TCION transmits a START character, which starts the ter- + minal device transmitting data to the system. + + The default on open of a terminal file is that neither its + input nor its output is suspended. + + The baud rate functions are provided for getting and set- + ting the values of the input and output baud rates in the + termios structure. The new values do not take effect + until tcsetattr() is successfully called. + + Setting the speed to B0 instructs the modem to "hang up". + The actual bit rate corresponding to B38400 may be altered + with setserial(8). + + The input and output baud rates are stored in the termios + structure. + + cfgetospeed() returns the output baud rate stored in the + termios structure pointed to by termios_p. + + cfsetospeed() sets the output baud rate stored in the + termios structure pointed to by termios_p to speed, which + must be one of these constants: + B0 + B50 + B75 + B110 + B134 + B150 + B200 + B300 + B600 + B1200 + B1800 + B2400 + B4800 + B9600 + B19200 + B38400 + B57600 + B115200 + B230400 + The zero baud rate, B0, is used to terminate the connec- + tion. If B0 is specified, the modem control lines shall + no longer be asserted. Normally, this will disconnect the + line. CBAUDEX is a mask for the speeds beyond those + + + +<h3>Linux February 25, 1995 6 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>TERMIOS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual TERMIOS(2) +</h3> + + defined in POSIX.1 (57600 and above). Thus, B57600 & + CBAUDEX is nonzero. + + cfgetispeed() returns the input baud rate stored in the + termios structure. + + cfsetispeed() sets the input baud rate stored in the + termios structure to speed. If the input baud rate is set + to zero, the input baud rate will be equal to the output + baud rate. + + tcgetpgrp() returns process group ID of foreground pro- + cessing group, or -1 on error. + + tcsetpgrp() sets process group ID to pgrpid. pgrpid must + be the ID of a process group in the same session. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> cfgetispeed() returns the input baud rate stored in the + termios structure. + + cfgetospeed() returns the output baud rate stored in the + termios structure. + + tcgetpgrp() returns process group ID of foreground pro- + cessing group, or -1 on error. + + All other functions return: + + 0 on success. + + -1 on failure and set errno to indicate the error. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux February 25, 1995 7 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/toupper.htm b/reference/C/MAN/toupper.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..346390a --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/toupper.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>toupper</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>TOUPPER(3) Linux Programmer's Manual TOUPPER(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> toupper, tolower - convert letter to upper or lower case + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <ctype.h> + + int toupper (int c); + int tolower (int c); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> toupper() converts the letter c to upper case, if possi- + ble. + + tolower() converts the letter c to lower case, if possi- + ble. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The value returned is that of the converted letter, or c + if the conversion was not possible. + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI - C, BSD 4.3 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> The details of what constitutes an uppercase or lowercase + letter depend on the current locale. For example, the + default "C" locale does not know about umlauts, so no con- + version is done for them. + + In some non - English locales, there are lowercase letters + with no corresponding uppercase equivalent; the German + sharp s is one example. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=../EXAMPLES/is_examp.c>isalpha</a>, +<a href=setlocale.htm>setlocale</a>, +<a href=locale.htm>locale</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/ttyname.htm b/reference/C/MAN/ttyname.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58615dc --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/ttyname.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>ttyname</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>TTYNAME(3) Linux Programmer's Manual TTYNAME(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> ttyname - return name of a terminal + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + char *ttyname ( int desc ); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> Returns a pointer to the pathname of the terminal device + that is open on the file descriptor desc, or NULL on error + (for example, if desc is not connected to a terminal). + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> POSIX.1 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=isatty.htm>isatty</a>, +<a href=fstat.htm>fstat</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux April 20, 1995 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/uname.htm b/reference/C/MAN/uname.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42d6a30 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/uname.htm @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +<TITLE>uname</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>UNAME(2) Linux Programmer's Manual UNAME(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> uname - get name and information about current kernel + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <sys/utsname.h> + + int uname(struct utsname *buf); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> uname returns system information in buf. The utsname + struct is as defined in /usr/include/sys/utsname.h : + struct utsname { + char sysname[65]; + char nodename[65]; + char release[65]; + char version[65]; + char machine[65]; + char domainname[65]; + }; + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EFAULT buf is not valid. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, X/OPEN + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=uname.htm>uname</a>, +<a href=getdomainname.htm>getdomainname</a>, +<a href=gethostname.htm>gethostname</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 0.99.11 24 July 93 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/ungetc.htm b/reference/C/MAN/ungetc.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54a79a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/ungetc.htm @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +<TITLE>ungetc</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>GETS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> fgetc, fgets, getc, getchar, gets, ungetc - input of char- + acters and strings + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int fgetc(FILE *stream); + char *fgets(char *s, int size, FILE *stream); + int getc(FILE *stream); + int getchar(void); + char *gets(char *s); + int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> fgetc() reads the next character from stream and returns + it as an unsigned char cast to an int, or EOF on end of + file or error. + + getc() is equivalent to fgetc() except that it may be + implemented as a macro which evaluates stream more than + once. + + getchar() is equivalent to getc(stdin). + + gets() reads a line from stdin into the buffer pointed to + by s until either a terminating newline or EOF, which it + replaces with '\0'. No check for buffer overrun is per- + formed (see BUGS below). + + fgets() reads in at most one less than n characters from + stream and stores them into the buffer pointed to by s. + Reading stops after an EOF or a newline. If a newline is + read, it is stored into the buffer. A '\0' is stored + after the last character in the buffer. + + ungetc() pushes c back to stream, cast to unsigned char, + where it is available for subsequent read operations. + Pushed - back characters will be returned in reverse + order; only one pushback is guaranteed. + + Calls to the functions described here can be mixed with + each other and with calls to other input functions from + the stdio library for the same input stream. + +<h3>RETURN VALUES +</h3> fgetc(), getc() and getchar() return the character read as + an unsigned char cast to an int or EOF on end of file or + error. + + gets() and fgets() return s on success, and NULL on end of + file or error. + + ungetc() returns c on success, or EOF on error. + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>GETS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual GETS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>CONFORMS TO +</h3> ANSI - C, POSIX.1 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Because it is impossible to tell without knowing the data + in advance how many characters gets() will read, and + because gets() will continue to store characters past the + end of the buffer, it is extremely dangerous to use. It + has been used to break computer security. Use fgets() + instead. + + It is not advisable to mix calls to input functions from + the stdio library with low - level calls to read() for the + file descriptor associated with the input stream; the + results will be undefined and very probably not what you + want. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=read.htm>read</a>, +<a href=write.htm>write</a>, +<a href=fopen.htm>fopen</a>, +<a href=fread.htm>fread</a>, +<a href=scanf.htm>scanf</a>, +<a href=puts.htm>puts</a>, +<a href=fseek.htm>fseek</a>, +<a href=ferror.htm>ferror</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU April 4, 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/unlink.htm b/reference/C/MAN/unlink.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79ab69d --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/unlink.htm @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +<TITLE>unlink</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>UNLINK(2) Linux Programmer's Manual UNLINK(2) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> unlink - delete a name and possibly the file it refers to + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <unistd.h> + + int unlink(const char *pathname); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> unlink deletes a name from the filesystem. If that name + was the last link to a file and no processes have the file + open the file is deleted and the space it was using is + made available for reuse. + + If the name was the last link to a file but any processes + still have the file open the file will remain in existence + until the last file descriptor referring to it is closed. + + If the name referred to a symbolic link the link is + removed. + + If the name referred to a socket, fifo or device the name + for it is removed but processes which have the object open + may continue to use it. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, + and errno is set appropriately. + +<h3>ERRORS +</h3> EFAULT pathname points outside your accessible address + space. + + EACCES Write access to the directory containing pathname + is not allowed for the process's effective uid, or + one of the directories in pathname did not allow + search (execute) permission. + + EPERM The directory containing pathname has the sticky- + bit (S_ISVTX) set and the process's effective uid + is neither the uid of the file to be deleted nor + that of the directory containing it. + + ENAMETOOLONG + pathname was too long. + + ENOENT A directory component in pathname does not exist + or is a dangling symbolic link. + + ENOTDIR A component used as a directory in pathname is + not, in fact, a directory. + + EISDIR pathname refers to a directory. + + + + +<h3>Linux 24 July 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>UNLINK(2) Linux Programmer's Manual UNLINK(2) +</h3> + + ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available. + + EROFS pathname refers to a file on a read-only filesys- + tem. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID, AT&T, POSIX, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3 + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS can cause the + unexpected disappearance of files which are still being + used. + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=link.htm>link</a>, +<a href=rename.htm>rename</a>, +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/open.html>open</a>, +<a href=rmdir.htm>rmdir</a>, +<a href=mknod.htm>mknod</a>, +<a href=remove.htm>remove</a>, +<a href=rm.htm>rm</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>Linux 24 July 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/unsetenv.htm b/reference/C/MAN/unsetenv.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd95b1b --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/unsetenv.htm @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +<TITLE>unsetenv</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>SETENV(3) Linux Programmer's Manual SETENV(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> setenv - change or add an environment variable + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + int setenv(const char *name, const char *value, int overwrite); + + void unsetenv(const char *name); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The setenv() function adds the variable name to the envi- + ronment with the value value, if name does not already + exist. If name does exist in the environment, then its + value is changed to value if overwrite is non-zero; if + overwrite is zero, then the value of name is not changed. + + The unsetenv() function deletes the variable name from the + environment. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> The setenv() function returns zero on success, or -1 if + there was insufficient space in the environment. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> BSD 4.3 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=getenv.htm>getenv</a>, +<a href=putenv.htm>putenv</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD April 4, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/va_start.htm b/reference/C/MAN/va_start.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a35845f --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/va_start.htm @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +<TITLE>va_start</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>STDARG(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STDARG(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> stdarg - variable argument lists + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdarg.h> + + void va_start( va_list ap, last); + typeva_arg( va_list ap, type); + void va_end( va_list ap); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> A function may be called with a varying number of argu- + ments of varying types. The include file stdarg.h + declares a type va_list and defines three macros for step- + ping through a list of arguments whose number and types + are not known to the called function. + + The called function must declare an object of type va_list + which is used by the macros va_start, va_arg, and va_end. + + The va_start macro initializes ap for subsequent use by + va_arg and va_end, and must be called first. + + The parameter last is the name of the last parameter + before the variable argument list, i.e., the last parame- + ter of which the calling function knows the type. + + Because the address of this parameter is used in the + va_start macro, it should not be declared as a register + variable, or as a function or an array type. + + The va_start macro returns no value. + + The va_arg macro expands to an expression that has the + type and value of the next argument in the call. The + parameter ap is the va_list ap initialized by va_start. + Each call to va_arg modifies ap so that the next call + returns the next argument. The parameter type is a type + name specified so that the type of a pointer to an object + that has the specified type can be obtained simply by + adding a * to type. + + If there is no next argument, or if type is not compatible + with the type of the actual next argument (as promoted + according to the default argument promotions), random + errors will occur. + + The first use of the va_arg macro after that of the + va_start macro returns the argument after last. Succes- + sive invocations return the values of the remaining argu- + ments. + + The va_end macro handles a normal return from the function + whose variable argument list was initialized by va_start. + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>STDARG(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STDARG(3) +</h3> + + The va_end macro returns no value. + +<h3>EXAMPLES +</h3> The function foo takes a string of format characters and + prints out the argument associated with each format char- + acter based on the type. + void foo(char *fmt, ...) + { + va_list ap; + int d; + char c, *p, *s; + + va_start(ap, fmt); + while (*fmt) + switch(*fmt++) { + case 's': /* string */ + s = va_arg(ap, char *); + printf("string %s\n", s); + break; + case 'd': /* int */ + d = va_arg(ap, int); + printf("int %d\n", d); + break; + case 'c': /* char */ + c = va_arg(ap, char); + printf("char %c\n", c); + break; + } + va_end(ap); + } + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The va_start, va_arg, and va_end macros conform to ANSI + C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C''). + +<h3>COMPATIBILITY +</h3> These macros are not compatible with the historic macros + they replace. A backward compatible version can be found + in the include file varargs.h. + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Unlike the varargs macros, the stdarg macros do not permit + programmers to code a function with no fixed arguments. + This problem generates work mainly when converting varargs + code to stdarg code, but it also creates difficulties for + variadic functions that wish to pass all of their argu- + ments on to a function that takes a va_list argument, such + as vfprintf(3). + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/vfprintf.htm b/reference/C/MAN/vfprintf.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd43848 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/vfprintf.htm @@ -0,0 +1,362 @@ +<TITLE>vfprintf</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> printf, fprintf, sprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, vsprintf - + formatted output conversion + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdio.h> + + int printf( const char *format, ...); + int fprintf( FILE *stream, const char *format, ...); + int sprintf( char *str, const char *format, ...); + + #include <stdarg.h> + + int vprintf( const char *format, va_list ap); + int vfprintf( FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list + ap); + int vsprintf( char *str, char *format, va_list ap); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The printf family of functions produces output according + to a format as described below. Printf and vprintf write + output to stdout, the standard output stream; fprintf and + vfprintf write output to the given output stream; sprintf, + and vsprintf write to the character string str. These + functions write the output under the control of a format + string that specifies how subsequent arguments (or argu- + ments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities + of stdarg(3) are converted for output. These functions + return the number of characters printed (not including the + trailing `\0' used to end output to strings). + + The format string is composed of zero or more directives: + ordinary characters (not %), which are copied unchanged to + the output stream; and conversion specifications, each of + which results in fetching zero or more subsequent argu- + ments. Each conversion specification is introduced by the + character %. The arguments must correspond properly + (after type promotion) with the conversion specifier. + After the %, the following appear in sequence: + + o Zero or more of the following flags: + + # specifying that the value should be con- + verted to an ``alternate form''. For c, d, + i, n, p, s, and u conversions, this option + has no effect. For o conversions, the pre- + cision of the number is increased to force + the first character of the output string to + a zero (except if a zero value is printed + with an explicit precision of zero). For x + and X conversions, a non-zero result has the + string `0x' (or `0X' for X conversions) + prepended to it. For e, E, f, g, and G con- + versions, the result will always contain a + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 1 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3) +</h3> + + decimal point, even if no digits follow it + (normally, a decimal point appears in the + results of those conversions only if a digit + follows). For g and G conversions, trailing + zeros are not removed from the result as + they would otherwise be. + + 0 specifying zero padding. For all conver- + sions except n, the converted value is + padded on the left with zeros rather than + blanks. If a precision is given with a + numeric conversion (d, i, o, u, i, x, and + X), the 0 flag is ignored. + + - (a negative field width flag) indicates the + converted value is to be left adjusted on + the field boundary. Except for n conver- + sions, the converted value is padded on the + right with blanks, rather than on the left + with blanks or zeros. A - overrides a 0 if + both are given. + + (a space) specifying that a blank should be + left before a positive number produced by a + signed conversion (d, e, E, f, g, G, or i). + + + specifying that a sign always be placed + before a number produced by a signed conver- + sion. A + overrides a space if both are + used. + + o An optional decimal digit string specifying a mini- + mum field width. If the converted value has fewer + characters than the field width, it will be padded + with spaces on the left (or right, if the left- + adjustment flag has been given) to fill out the + field width. + + o An optional precision, in the form of a period + (`.') followed by an optional digit string. If + the digit string is omitted, the precision is taken + as zero. This gives the minimum number of digits + to appear for d, i, o, u, x, and X conversions, the + number of digits to appear after the decimal-point + for e, E, and f conversions, the maximum number of + significant digits for g and G conversions, or the + maximum number of characters to be printed from a + string for s conversions. + + o The optional character h, specifying that a follow- + ing d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion corresponds to a + short int or unsigned short int argument, or that a + following n conversion corresponds to a pointer to + a short int argument. + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 2 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3) +</h3> + + o The optional character l (ell) specifying that a + following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion applies to + a pointer to a long int or unsigned long int argu- + ment, or that a following n conversion corresponds + to a pointer to a long int argument. + + o The character L specifying that a following e, E, + f, g, or G conversion corresponds to a long double + argument. + + o A character that specifies the type of conversion + to be applied. + + A field width or precision, or both, may be indicated by + an asterisk `*' instead of a digit string. In this case, + an int argument supplies the field width or precision. A + negative field width is treated as a left adjustment flag + followed by a positive field width; a negative precision + is treated as though it were missing. + + The conversion specifiers and their meanings are: + + diouxX The int (or appropriate variant) argument is con- + verted to signed decimal (d and i), unsigned octal + (o, unsigned decimal (u, or unsigned hexadecimal (x + and X) notation. The letters abcdef are used for x + conversions; the letters ABCDEF are used for X con- + versions. The precision, if any, gives the minimum + number of digits that must appear; if the converted + value requires fewer digits, it is padded on the + left with zeros. + + DOU The long int argument is converted to signed deci- + mal, unsigned octal, or unsigned decimal, as if the + format had been ld, lo, or lu respectively. These + conversion characters are deprecated, and will + eventually disappear. + + eE The double argument is rounded and converted in the + style [-]d.dddedd where there is one digit before + the decimal-point character and the number of dig- + its after it is equal to the precision; if the pre- + cision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the preci- + sion is zero, no decimal-point character appears. + An E conversion uses the letter E (rather than e) + to introduce the exponent. The exponent always + contains at least two digits; if the value is zero, + the exponent is 00. + + f The double argument is rounded and converted to + decimal notation in the style [-]ddd.ddd, where the + number of digits after the decimal-point character + is equal to the precision specification. If the + precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 3 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3) +</h3> + + precision is explicitly zero, no decimal-point + character appears. If a decimal point appears, at + least one digit appears before it. + + g The double argument is converted in style f or e + (or E for G conversions). The precision specifies + the number of significant digits. If the precision + is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is + zero, it is treated as 1. Style e is used if the + exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or + greater than or equal to the precision. Trailing + zeros are removed from the fractional part of the + result; a decimal point appears only if it is fol- + lowed by at least one digit. + + c The int argument is converted to an unsigned char, + and the resulting character is written. + + s The ``char *'' argument is expected to be a pointer + to an array of character type (pointer to a + string). Characters from the array are written up + to (but not including) a terminating NUL character; + if a precision is specified, no more than the num- + ber specified are written. If a precision is + given, no null character need be present; if the + precision is not specified, or is greater than the + size of the array, the array must contain a termi- + nating NUL character. + + p The ``void *'' pointer argument is printed in hex- + adecimal (as if by %#x or %#lx). + + n The number of characters written so far is stored + into the integer indicated by the ``int *'' (or + variant) pointer argument. No argument is con- + verted. + + % A `%' is written. No argument is converted. The + complete conversion specification is `%%'. + + In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause + truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is + wider than the field width, the field is expanded to con- + tain the conversion result. + + +<h3>EXAMPLES +</h3> To print a date and time in the form `Sunday, July 3, + 10:02', where weekday and month are pointers to strings: + #include <stdio.h> + fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n", + weekday, month, day, hour, min); + + To print to five decimal places: + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 4 +</h3> + + + + +<h3>PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3) +</h3> + + #include <math.h> + #include <stdio.h> + fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0)); + + To allocate a 128 byte string and print into it: + #include <stdio.h> + #include <stdlib.h> + #include <stdarg.h> + char *newfmt(const char *fmt, ...) + { + char *p; + va_list ap; + if ((p = malloc(128)) == NULL) + return (NULL); + va_start(ap, fmt); + (void) vsnprintf(p, 128, fmt, ap); + va_end(ap); + return (p); + } + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=printf.htm>printf</a>, +<a href=scanf.htm>scanf</a>, +<pre> + +<h3>STANDARDS +</h3> The fprintf, printf, sprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, and + vsprintf functions conform to ANSI C3.159-1989 (``ANSI + C''). + +<h3>BUGS +</h3> Some floating point conversions under Linux cause memory + leaks. + + The conversion formats %D, %O, and %U are not standard and + are provided only for backward compatibility. These may + not be provided under Linux. + + The effect of padding the %p format with zeros (either by + the 0 flag or by specifying a precision), and the benign + effect (i.e., none) of the # flag on %n and %p conver- + sions, as well as other nonsensical combinations such as + %Ld, are not standard; such combinations should be + avoided. + + Because sprintf and vsprintf assume an infinitely long + string, callers must be careful not to overflow the actual + space; this is often impossible to assure. + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>BSD MANPAGE 29 November 1993 5 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/wcstombs.htm b/reference/C/MAN/wcstombs.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..808d7aa --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/wcstombs.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>wcstombs</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>WCSTOMBS(3) Linux Programmer's Manual WCSTOMBS(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> wcstombs - convert a wide character string to a multibyte + character string. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + size_t wcstombs(char *s, const wchar_t *pwcs, size_t n); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The wcstombs() function converts a sequence of wide char- + acters from the array pwcs into a sequence of multibyte + characters and stores up to n bytes of multibyte charac- + ters in the array s. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> wcstombs() returns the number of bytes stored in s or -1 + if s contains an invalid wide character. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=mblen.htm>mblen</a>, +<a href=mbtowc.htm>mbtowc</a>, +<a href=mbstowcs.htm>mbstowcs</a>, +<a href=wctomb.htm>wctomb</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU March 29, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> diff --git a/reference/C/MAN/wctomb.htm b/reference/C/MAN/wctomb.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3574ac0 --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/C/MAN/wctomb.htm @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<TITLE>wctomb</TITLE> +<body bgcolor="#ffffcc"> +<hr> +<pre> + + + +<h3>WCTOMB(3) Linux Programmer's Manual WCTOMB(3) +</h3> + +<h3>NAME +</h3> wctomb - convert a wide character to a multibyte charac- + ter. + +<h3>SYNOPSIS +</h3> #include <stdlib.h> + + int wctomb(char *s, wchar_t wchar); + +<h3>DESCRIPTION +</h3> The wctomb() function converts a wide character wchar into + a multibyte character and, if s is not NULL, stores the + multibyte character representation in s. + +<h3>RETURN VALUE +</h3> wctomb() returns the number of bytes in the multibyte + character or -1 if the wide character is not valid. + +<h3>CONFORMING TO +</h3> SVID 3, ISO 9899 + +</pre> +<hr> +<h3>SEE ALSO +</h3><p> +<a href=mblen.htm>mblen</a>, +<a href=mbstowcs.htm>mbstowcs</a>, +<a href=mbtowc.htm>mbtowc</a>, +<a href=wcstombs.htm>wcstombs</a>, +<pre> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3>GNU March 29, 1993 1 +</h3> + +
</pre> +<P> +<hr> +<p> +<center> +<table border=2 width=80%> +<tr align=center> +<td width=25%> +<a href=../cref.html>Top</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../master_index.html>Master Index</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../SYNTAX/keywords.html>Keywords</a> +</td><td width=25%> +<a href=../FUNCTIONS/funcref.htm>Functions</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> +<hr> + +This manual page was brought to you by <i>mjl_man V-2.0</i> |